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Gastrointestinal
GI anatomy, conditions, and treatment
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Mouth | Where food is ground up and mixed with saliva |
| Teeth | Mechanically break down food |
| Saliva | Enzymes chemically break down food |
| Esophagus | Tube that leads from mouth to stomach |
| Stomach | Where food mixes with stomach acid to make chyme |
| Chyme | Mixture of food and stomach acid |
| Small Intestine | Removes nutrients from the chyme |
| Large intestine | Removes the water from the chyme, turning it into feces |
| Rectum | Where feces exits the body |
| Melena | Black, tarry stool that indicates upper GI bleed |
| Bloody stool | Blood in the stool that indicates lower GI bleed |
| Coffee grounds emesis | Oxidized blood in the vomit that indicates an upper GI bleed |
| How should you transport patients that are having nausea and vomiting? | Consider LLR position to keep them from aspirating |
| LLR | Left Lateral Recumbent position- laying the patient on their left side |
| What is the "normal" when palpating the abdomen? | Soft and non-tender |
| Chronic alcoholism affects what organ? | Liver |
| Liver | Produces bile to breakdown food better in digestive system and filters the blood |
| Cirrhosis | Permanent scarring of the liver |
| Hepatitis | Inflammation of the liver |
| GERD | Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease |
| Dysphagia | Difficulty swallowing |
| What is the typical position of comfort for patients with abdominal pain? | Sitting upright and/or with knees flexed |
| Cholecystitis | Inflammation of the gallbladder |
| What category of shock would someone with GI bleeding be most prone to? | Hypovolemic |
| Jaundice | Abnormal yellow color of the skin |
| Jaundice is a sign of what? | Liver disease |
| Appendicitis | Inflammation of the appendix |
| Hematemesis | Bloody vomit |
| Gallbladder | Stores and concentrates bile |
| Appendix | Holds gut bacteria in case the body needs to replenish the gut microbiome to break down food |
| Diveriticulitis | Infection/inflammation of small pockets that form in the wall of the large intestine |
| Peritoneum | Lining of the abdomen |
| Peritonitis | Inflammation of the abdomen's lining |
| Referred pain | Pain that is perceived at being on a different part of the body than the pain's origin |
| Acute abdomen | sudden onset abdominal pain, normally very severe and worsens with time |
| Cholecystitis normally has referred pain to where? | Right shoulder |
| Appendicitis | Inflammation/infection of the appendix |
| Appendicitis patient presentation | RLQ pain with rebound tenderness |
| Rebound tenderness | When palpated abdomen is rigid and when pressure is removed pain intensified |
| What is the most common cause of rebound tenderness? | Peritonitis |
| Stomach ulcer | Open sources in the lining of the stomach or small intestine |
| AAA | Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm |
| Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm | Pulsating mass under the sternum due to weakness of the aortic wall in the abdomen |
| Mallory-Weiss Syndrome | Condition where there is a tear where the lower esophagus and stomach meet |
| What are some things that might be in the medical history of a patient with Mallory-Weiss Syndrome? | Alcohol use disorder, eating disorders, GERD, and excessive vomiting due to pregnancy |
| Common causes of Mallory-Weiss Syndrome | Violent coughing or vomiting |
| Gastroenteritis | Inflammation of the lining of the stomach and small intestine |
| Anorexia | Loss of appetite |
| Hemorrhoids | Swelling and inflammation of blood vessels around the rectum |
| Hernia | Protrusion of an organ or tissue through a hole/opening into a body cavity where it shouldn't be |
| Strangulation | When the contents of a hernia compress surrounding tissue and cut off blood supply to the area |
Created by:
santafecollegeemt