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CHAPTER 5
| What does "integumentary" mean? | It means Covering |
| What are the two major components of the integumentary system? | Skin and Skin derrivaties |
| Skin Layer 1 is thee (Tip: above) | Epidermis |
| Epidermis is | Stratified Squamous ET |
| What are the two subcatergories of skin? | Dermis and Epidermis |
| The stratum ________ is the lowest layer of classification in the Epidermis | Stratum Basale |
| The stratum basale is composed of __ layer, but __ cell types | 1 layer; 3 cell types |
| What is a Keratinocyte's function? | Make keratin (F: Strength) and rich in keratin cells (F: Division) |
| What is a Melanocyte's function? | Make Melanin (F: UV Protection) |
| What is a Tactile Cells function? | Stimulate Touch Receptors |
| What are the three variations of the epidermis? | Thick v Thin Skin, Color, and Skin markings |
| How many layers does Thick skin have ? | 5 strata (layers) |
| Where can Thick skin be found? | Palms of Hands or Soles of the feet |
| How many layers does Thin skin have? What do these cells lack? | 4 strata (layers) , the lack lucidum |
| Where can Thin skin be found? | Hair follicles, Sebaceous glands, Sweat glands etc. |
| Color is a result of | a combination of several pigments |
| Red coloring is present through | Hemoglobin present in red blood cells |
| Black, brown, yellow-brown, tan, reddish shades are due to the type and amount of _____ produced | Melanin |
| All people are with the _______ number of melanocytes, but their _____ depends on age, heredity, and light exposure | Same number, activity |
| Name 3 types of skin markings | A Nevus, Freckles, or Friction Ridges |
| What is a nevus? | ( a mole, a birthmark) they are a harmless overgrowth of melanocytes |
| What are freckles? | Spots in the areas of H melanocyte activity affected by sun (uv exposure) and heridity |
| What are Friction Ridges? | A unique contour of arches and whorls that increase friction on contact. |
| Under the _____, keratinocytes synthesize inactive Vitamin D known as | UV ; Cholecalciferol |
| Modified in the _____ into another inactive form of Vitamin D known as | Liver; Calcidiol |
| Modified in the ________ into an active form of Vitamin D known as | Kidneys : Calcitrol |
| Skin layer 2 is known as the | Dermis |
| The dermis is composed of which two layers? | Papillary layer and Reticular Layer |
| Papillary means | Nipple |
| Reticular means | Network |
| What is the function of the Dermis? | Interlock with epidermal ridges |
| Dense Irregular CT ( RIch in _________ and _________) holds a network of various substances | Collagen and Elastin |
| Glands produce | Secretions |
| Hair Follicles are | Bags that hold hair |
| Dermal blood vessels ____________ of water, oxygen, Ions, nutrients etc. | Transport |
| Dermal blood vessels ________regulate by vaso____ and vaso_______ | Thermoregulate, vasodilation and vasoconstriction |
| Vasodilation works by | increasing blood flow up to irradiate heat = body temperature goes down |
| Vasoconstriction works by | Decreasing blood flow to conserve heat = body temperature rises |
| Sensory nerves | carry sensory information from the receptors to the brain |
| How do sensory receptors function? | Touch (light touch + pressure + temp +pain |
| Motor nerves | deliver commands from the brain to muscles and glands |
| How do motor nerves function? | in order to reg movement and secretions |
| What is under the dermis , but NOT part of the skin? | Hypodermis |
| What is the hypodermis composed of? | Areolar and adipose CT |
| What are the functions of the hypodermis? | E storage, Protection, and Insulation |
| T or F is the dermis rich in triglycerides? | False |
| What are the three integumentary system's skin derivatives? | Nails,Hair, and Glands |
| What 2 functions do nails serve? | Protection of the digits, and assist in grasping objects |
| T or F Is every nail an organ? | True |
| List the order of layers of the nail from surface (top) to base.... | Nail Plate (Hard) Nail bed Nail Matrix |
| What does the nail matrix contain? | Actively diving k-cytes that generate nail plate, rich in B vessels and S nerves |
| Where does nail growth occur? | Nail matrix |
| What two functions do hair serve? | Protection (phys/chem damage) & Chemical sign (pheremone) dispersal |
| List the order of layers of the hair from the surface to base | Hair Shaft, Hair Root, Hair Bulb |
| What does the hair bulb contain? Hair _____ & Hair _________ | Hair Papilla and Hair Matrix |
| What does H Papilla consist of? | S nerves +Vessels |
| What does H Matrix consist of ? | Dividing cells (k-cytes) |
| Both the sebaceous gland and arrector pili muscle attach to the | H Follicle |
| Follicle means | "bag" or "wrapper" |
| Arrector Pili means | Straight Strand |
| What are the two subcategories of Skin Sweat Glands? | Merocrine Sweat G's & Apocrine Sweat G's |
| Skin Sweat G's are shaped as | Tubular Coiled |
| Merocrine G's open into | Sweat Pores |
| Where could I locate a Merocrine G? | Widely distributed |
| What are merocrine G's Composition? | 99% Water 1% ( ions, wastes, etc.) |
| What are the functions of a Merocrine gland? | T Reg Waste Removal Antimicrobials ( chem defense" |
| Apocrine G's open into | H follicles |
| Where could I locate Apocrine G's? | Axillae, areolar, and genital |
| What are Apocrine G's Composition? | Active during puberty n produce a mix of proteins and lipids |
| What is the Function of Apocrine Glands? | F: Signaling |
| Skin Sebaceous Glands are shaped as | Acinar ("bunch of berries" |
| Skin Sebaceous glands open into | H Follicles |
| Where could I locate a Skin Sebaceous Gland? | By the hair |
| What is the composition of a Skin Sebaceous Gland? | Sebum (oily mix) |
| What are the three functions of Skin Sebaceous Glands? | Lubricate Antibacterials Conditioning |
| During Renaissance, beauty spots were made of black cloth or turtle shell and used as a method of covering skin imperfections or | Nevus |
| Composed of the papillary and reticular layers | Dermis |
| Both nails and hair serve the function of | Protection |
| Stratum _________ contains tactile cells contributing to the sense of touch | Basale |
| A command to release sweat is delivered from the brain to the merocrine sweat glands by the _______ nerve | Motor |
| A chemical produced by epidermal cells with the stratum basale to protect from damaging UV radiations | Melanin |
| This stratum is present in the skin of your palm but absent in the skin of your wrist | Lucidum |
| Deep to the nail plate is the nail | bed |
| Superficial to the stratum spinosa is the stratum | granulosum |
| The major types of cells within the epidermis | keratinocytes |
| An active form of vitamin D is called | calcitriol |
| What are the functions of the skeletal system? | Protection/support , aid in movement, Storage of Ca and P, Hemopoiesis |
| What does hemopoiesis mean? | Make more blood cells |
| What are the major blood cells hemopoiesis make? | erythrocytes, thrombocytes, and leukocytes |
| T or F bone is a type of CT tissue with lots of ECM | True |
| The skeletal system is made up of four major categories which are? | Bone, Cartilage, Ligaments, and Tendons |
| Bone has | Rigidity (primary organs of the skeletal system) |
| Cartilage has | Flexibility and Cushioning properties |
| Ligaments are | the connection of skeletal components (bone to bone) |
| Tendon are | the attachment of muscles to skeleton |
| What are the FOUR types of bone cells? | Osteoprogenitor, Osteoblasts, Osteocytes, and Osteoclasts |
| What does osteoprogenitor mean? what do they do? | "generate" Bone STEM cells generate osteoblasts |
| What does osteo"blast" mean? What do they do? | "build bone" Build bone matrix through 2 steps, synthesize osteoid (protein framework of AA's and Vit C), then initiate osteoid mineralization to harden (req Ca,P Vit D) |
| What happens to osteoblasts eventually? | Trapped in their own matrix, osteoblasts differentiate into osteocytes |
| What do osteo"cytes" mean? What do they do? | "Mature Cell; Bossman w/ branches" Trapped inside of bone, they maintain ECM regulate other bone cells |
| What do osteo"clasts" mean? What do they do? | '"Clean Up" Large multi nucleated bone cells that move along the bone surfaces and remove old bone matrix = b resorption |
| Bone matrix is made of what two subcategories? | Organic (osteoid) and Inorganic (Minerals) |
| Organic composition is mostly made of ? What purpose does it serve? | Collagen To provide Strength and some flexibility |
| Inorganic composition is mostly made of ? What purpose does it serve? | Mostly, Ca3(PO4)2 To provide hardness |
| The imbalance in matrix composition leads to changes in properties what are the 2 insufficiencies? | Insufficient Collagen & Insufficient Calcium |
| Define Insufficient Collagen | (protein deficiency, low vit. C etc) Results in brittle bones |
| Define Insufficient Calcium | (Due to the Ca2+ deficiency, low vit. D etc.) Results in soft bones |
| What are the two types of bone tissue? | Compact BT & Spongy BT |
| Compact BT is also classified / called as | Cortical (cortex), Dense |
| What are the units of Compact BT | osteons |
| Concentric lamellae is characterized as | "layers" "in a circle" |
| Concentric lamella (s) | "single layer" |
| What does the central canal has | B Vessels, and S Nerves |
| Why does Compact BT have a central canal? | It is the way the bone gets its nutrients O2, H2O, Nutrients |
| T or F Does Canaliculi connect to blood vessels to obtain nutrients? | True |
| What do both Compact BT and Spongy BT both have living in lacuna? | Osteocytes |
| Spongy BT is also classified / called as | trabecular "rod" |
| What are the units of Spongy BT | Trabeculae |
| What are the features of Spongy BT? | Resistance,but light weight |
| Spaces in Spongy BT are filled | with bone marrow (b vessels + s nerves) |
| What do Spongy BT have that Compact BT doesn't? | Parallel Lamellae |
| Why doesn't Spongy BT have a central canal? | The spongy BT have blood vessels within them |
| Cartilage is composed of | Cells and ECM (Lots of it) |
| What are the two types of cells in cartilage CT? | Chondroblasts and Chondrocytes |
| Chondroblasts are defined as | Young, immature cells, "builders" that produce matrix |
| Chondrocytes are defined as | (mature cells that maintain the ECM |
| ECM in Cartilage CT contains | Ground substance (rich in water for compression) & Fibers (collagen, & elastin) |
| What are the features of Cartilage CT? | They are avascular ( rely on slow diffusion of nutrients through matrix = slow growth/repair No nerves Covered with fibrous membrane "Perichondrium" |
| What is the perichondrium? | "Near " "Cartilage" |
| What are the 3 types of cartilage tissue? | Hyaline Cartilage, Elastic Cartilage, and Fibrous Cartilage |
| What is Hyaline Cartilage? | Thin Collagen Most abundant Found In: Costal, Nasal, Articular Joint |
| Remember articular reffers to | Joint |
| What is Elastic Cartilage? | Most flexible (large amt of elastin) Loc: External Ear, epigllottis of the larynx = voice box |
| What is Fibrous Cartilage? | Thick Collagen (pressure and stretch resistant ) EX: Knee/ Intervertebral discs |
| The first skeletal component to appear in the embryo is | Cartilage |
| The _____________ cells (embryonic stem cells) activate and differentiate into the cartilage cells by appt ______ week of development | Messenchymal, 8th week |
| Cartilage growth is categorized into | Interstitial Growth and Appositional Growth |
| Intersitial Growth means | Internal Expansion |
| Appositional Growth means | Adding layers to the edge |
Created by:
Natali3_