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Patho RBC shit

QuestionAnswer
What are the 5 types of anemia 1. Deficiency 2. Blood loss 3. Hemoglobinopathy 4. Medications 5. Hemolysis
Underlying pathophysiology Defiency Iron, vitamin B12, folic acid
Underlying pathophysiology Blood loss Chronic and acute
Underlying pathophysiology Hemoglobinpathy Sickle cell anemia, thalessemia
Underlying pathophysiology Medications Chemotherapies, NSAIDS
Underlying pathophysiology Hemoylsis Autoimmune disorders, G6PD, blood transfusion reactions
Anemia signs and symptoms • Excessive fatigue • GI tract blood loss: Melena, hematochezia • Heavy menstrual periods (menorrhagia) • Pale complexion • Tachycardia • Jaundice • Splenomegaly • Nutritional anemias can cause glossitis, cheilitis, koilonychia, or pica
Loss of 1,000mL of blood or more: Serious adverse effects Hypovolemic shock Cerebral hypoperfusion Trauma, hemorrhage, clotting disorder
Chronic blood loss Signs and symptoms: Blood loss is slow Patient may report no noticeable changes
Chronic blood loss Causes GI bleeding Menstrual blood loss Medications
Chronic blood loss Diagnosis + Treatment Diagnosis: Iron assessment Microcytic and hypochromic anemia Low Hgb and Hct Treatment: Remedy reason for blood loss Replace iron: oral ferrous sulfate
3 causes of hemolytic anemias Hemoglobinopathis Inherited disorders of Hgb Autoimmune disorders Alloimmune hemolysis
Hemoglobinopathies Inherited disorder of Hgb
Autoimmune disorders Warm (IgG) and cold (IgM) agglutinin syndrome
Alloimmune hemolysis - Blood transfusion reactions - Hemolytic disease of the newborn (HDN
Sickle Cell Anemia and Thalassemia is what kinda hemolytic anemia? Hemoglobinopathy (inherited)
Describe the pathophysiology of Sickle Cell Anemia (SCA) RBC shape is distorted, which then lodges into capillaries, causing tissue hypoxia Very painful Chronic damage to liver, spleen, kidneys, and eyes
The homozygous form of SCA is more severe ;(
Thalassemia signs Typical anemia signs Bone pain may be present Hyperbilirubinemia and jaundice Splenomgelay Heinz bodies may be present!!!
Thalassemia diagnosis and treatment Diagnosis: genetic testing, radiographic results Treatments: transfusions, infection prevention, FOLIC ACID
How does SCA differ from thalassemia? SCA is caused by a structural mutation in hemoglobin that makes red blood cells stiff and crescent-shaped when oxygen is low, whereas thalassemia is caused by a genetic defect that reduces or prevents the production of normal hemoglobin chains
Hereditary Spherocytosis characteristics Abnormal membrane proteins in RBCs
Spherocytosis effects - Spherical shape to RBCs - Increased fragility - Damaged cells gather in spleen
Spherocytosis signs and symptoms treatment S+S: Jaundice, bilirubin gallstones, aplastic anemia treatment: Blood transfusion, splenectomy
Blood Transfusion Reactions Known as hemolytic transfusion reactions • Recipient blood-type antibodies attack transfused cells If transfusion reaction suspected, stop transfusion
Blood Transfusion Reactions Presentation + Manifestation P: Nonhemolytic febrile reactions and mild allergies - Anaphylactic reactions M: Fever, chills, flushing, burning at IV line, joint pain, tachycardia Severe cases: Hypotension, oozing from the IV site, diffuse bleeding, oliguria,
What is the overlap and differences with hemolytic disease of the newborn? Hemolytic disease of the newborn (HDN) is an immune-mediated blood disorder where maternal IgG antibodies cross the placenta and destroy fetal or neonatal red blood cells
Review the slides on iron deficiency anemia • How does it differ from pernicious anemia? • Or Folic acid deficiency? Iron deficiency anemia is caused by low iron levels that make small, pale red blood cells, while pernicious anemia and folic acid deficiency are caused by vitamin shortages that make large, abnormal red blood cells.
Clinical Concepts to Remember Reticulocytes Indicator of bone marrow activity High reticulocyte count indicates elevated RBC formation, rapid replacement needed
Clinical Concepts to Remember Spleen “Graveyard of RBCs” . Highly vascular Splenomegaly occurs with large RBC breakdown Also an organ of immunity. Splenectomy causes immunodeficiency
Clinical Concepts to Remember Medications can trigger hemolysis Drugs known to trigger hemolytic anemia: cephalosporins, quinidine, penicillins, levodopa, methyldopa, and NSAIDs
Clinical Concepts to Remember Renal Failure EPO used to stimulate RBC production and correct anemia
Created by: liladdoyle
 

 



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