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cell
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Cell | The basic unit of structure and function of all living things. |
| Protoplasm | The living material or content of the cell. |
| Cell membrane | A semipermeable barrier that separates the inside of the cell from the outside and controls the movement of substances. |
| Nucleus | The control center of the cell; it contains the cell's DNA. |
| Cytoplasm | The gel-like or watery environment where cell functions and chemical reactions occur. |
| Organelle | A structure within a cell that has a specific function. |
| Ribosome | The site of protein synthesis. |
| Mitochondria | Responsible for cellular respiration, energy production, and ATP storage. |
| Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) | Involved in moving proteins and other molecules, and in making lipids and carbohydrates. |
| Golgi apparatus | Prepares proteins and lipids for use inside or outside the cell. |
| Lysosome | Responsible for cellular digestion. |
| Centrioles | Involved in cell division. |
| Transmembrane movement | The movement of substances into and out of cells. |
| Passive transport | Movement of substances that does not require energy. |
| Active transport | Movement of substances that requires energy. |
| Diffusion | The movement of molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration. |
| Osmosis | The diffusion of water through a semipermeable membrane. |
| Filtration | A type of passive transport where substances are moved across a membrane due to pressure differences. |
| Phagocytosis | The process of a cell engulfing large particles, often referred to as "cell eating." |
| Pinocytosis | The process of a cell engulfing small droplets of fluid, often referred to as "cell drinking." |
| Semipermeable | A membrane that allows certain substances to pass through but not others. |
| Solute | A substance that is dissolved in a fluid. |
| Equilibrium | A state where substances become evenly distributed within a solution. |
| Isotonic | The solution has an equal solute concentration to the cell. Water movement is equal in both directions, resulting in no net change in cell volume. |
| Hypertonic | The solution has a higher solute concentration than the cell. Water will move out of the cell into the solution, causing the cell to shrink. |
| Hypotonic | The solution has a lower solute concentration than the cell. Water will move into the cell from the solution, causing the cell to swell. |
| ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate) | The main energy currency of the cell. |
| Process | Organic molecules → ATP → Cell maintenance and function. |
| Mitosis | 2 Daughter Cells, Genetically identical to parent cell, Diploid (2n), purpose is growth, repair, and maintenance |
| Meiosis | 4 Daughter Cells, Produces gametes (sex cells), Chromosomes reduced by half (haploid, n), purpose is Sexual reproduction |
| Interphase | Stage where DNA is replicated and chromosomes are not yet distinguishable |
| Prophase | Stage where chromatin becomes chromosomes and nuclear membrane disappears |
| Metaphase | Stage where chromosomes line up and attach to spindle fibers |
| Anaphase | Stage where chromosomes separate and move toward opposite poles |
| Telophase | Stage where new nuclei form and the cell divides |
| IPMAT | Interphase, Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase |
| Necrosis | Unprogrammed cell death. Can result from injury, infection, or exposure to toxins. Often leads to inflammation. |
| Apoptosis | Programmed cell death. An organized and intentional process. Essential for normal development and tissue homeostasis. Example |
| Atrophy | A decrease in the size of a cell or tissue. |
| Hypertrophy | An increase in the size of a cell or tissue. |
| Hyperplasia | An increase in the number of cells. |
| Metaplasia | A change where one type of mature cell is replaced by another type of mature cell. |
| Dysplasia | An abnormal change in the size, shape, and organization of cells. It is often a precursor to cancer. |
| Neoplasia | New and abnormal growth of cells; a tumor. |
| Benign | A tumor that is not cancerous. It does not invade surrounding tissues or spread to distant sites. |
| Malignant | A tumor that is cancerous. It is invasive, can destroy surrounding tissues, and can spread to other parts of the body (metastasize). |
| Metastasis | The spread of cancer cells from the primary tumor to other parts of the body. |
| Carcinoma | Cancer that arises from epithelial tissues (linings of organs, skin). |
| Sarcoma | Cancer that arises from supportive or connective tissues (bone, muscle, cartilage, fat). |
| Myeloma | Cancer that arises from plasma cells in the bone marrow. |
| Leukemia | Cancer of the blood-forming tissues, typically the bone marrow, leading to an overproduction of abnormal white blood cells. |
| Lymphoma | Cancer that arises from lymphocytes in the lymphatic system (lymph nodes, spleen). |
| Stage 0 | Carcinoma in situ. The cancer is limited to the surface cells where it originated and has not invaded deeper tissues. |
| Stage I | The cancer is limited to the tissue of origin and has not spread to lymph nodes or distant sites. |
| Stage II | The cancer shows limited local spread. It may have invaded nearby lymph nodes but has not spread to distant organs. |
| Stage III | The cancer has extensive local or regional spread, often involving more lymph nodes. |
| Stage IV | The cancer has metastasized to distant organs or throughout the body. |
Created by:
sb4