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AP Psych Unit 1
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Norms | rules for accepted and expected behavior |
| Conformity | adjusting behavior or thinking to coincide with a group idea or standard |
| Normative social influence | we conform to avoid rejection or to gain social approval (do what is “normal”) |
| Informational social influence | we conform to be accurate- accept others’ opinions about reality |
| Social facilitation | improved performance on tasks in the presence of others best with simple or well-learned tasks arousal can diminish performance on tasks we have not mastered- anxiety hostile crowds can also hurt performance (home-field advantage) |
| Social loafing | the tendency for people in a group to exert less effort when pooling their efforts toward attaining a common goal than when individually accountable |
| Group polarization | enhancement of a group’s already-existing attitudes through discussion within the group, i.e., terrorism |
| Groupthink | when the desire to agree as a group overrides a realistic appraisal of alternatives |
| Culture | behaviors, ideas, attitudes, values, and traditions shared by a group of people and transmitted from one generation to the next |
| Person perception | how we form impressions of ourselves and others, including how we explain behavior |
| attribution theory | we can attribute someone’s behavior to stable, enduring traits (dispositional attribution) |
| Fundamental attribution error | we underestimate the impact of the situation and overestimate the impact of someone’s personality |
| Actor-observer bias | we explain our own behavior considering situational factors (give ourselves a break/benefit of the doubt) and assume others’ behavior is caused by disposition |
| Prejudice | an unjustifiable (usually negative) attitude toward a group and its members filters what we see and how we think about it |
| Stereotypes | generalized beliefs about a group of people |
| Discrimination | unjustifiable negative behavior toward a group and its members often because of prejudice and stereotypes |
| Just-world phenomenon | people believe that the world is just and that people get what they deserve |
| Ingroup bias | favor members of own group at the expense of those in the outgroup |
| Scapegoat theory | prejudice offers an outlet for anger by giving us someone to blame studies have shown that temporary frustration intensifies prejudice against another group helps people boost their own status, sense of self |
| Other-race effect | tendency to recall faces of one’s own race more accurately than faces of other races (cross-race effect or own-race bias) |
| Attitudes | feelings (influenced by our beliefs) that predispose our reactions to objects, people, and events attitudes affect actions- we often stand up for what we believe |
| Foot-in-the-door phenomenon | the tendency for people who have first agreed to a small request to comply later with a larger request |
| Role- | set of expectations in a social setting that define how one ought to behave |
| Cognitive dissonance theory | we act to reduce the discomfort (dissonance) we feel when our thoughts (cognitions) and actions are inconsistent |
| Peripheral route persuasion | (indirect) get attention to trigger fast, emotion-based judgements vividness, attractiveness, celebrity endorsement… |
| Central route persuasion | (direct) uses evidence and arguments to trigger careful thinking and logic |
| Agression | any physical or verbal behavior intended to hurt or destroy |
| Frustration-aggression principle | frustration creates anger which can generate aggression |
Created by:
hannahvogell