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SOC 26'
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Sociology | Study of humans and how they interact with one another |
| Sociological Perspective | things that we assume are natural or genetic are influenced by historical, cultural, and social factors |
| Concept of Sociological Imagination | - C. Wright Mills - American Socialist - interplay between human and society - purpose: enables us to group history and biography and the relationships between the two |
| Social Institutions | - networks of structures in society that work to socialize the groups of people within them - Ex: legal system, labor market, educational system, military, family |
| Social Institution -> Interdependence within Society | - University is an institution - legitimates knowledge - acts as a gatekeeper |
| Social Institutions + Social Structures | - social structures: organization of society in regard to social institution and social organization - social structure -> social institution ----- social organization |
| Agency vs Structure | - agency: capacity of individuals to act independently and to make their own free choices - people influence social structure - because of peoples agencys they influence social structure |
| Functionalism | - macro - institutions and others in society exist to serve important function to keep society running - people should share the same vales - overlooked issues cause division |
| Conflict Theory | - macro - driving force of all social change is conflict over scarce resources and conflict from competing interests - inequality is unfair and the less powerful people in society suffer |
| Symbolic Interactionism | - micro - focus on how we use symbols with shared meaning to interact and create (help people understand the world around them) - excludes outside influences of social structure |
| Feminist Theory | - macro & micro - gender relations and gender inequality are important determinants of social life - society in general subordinates women |
| Macrosociology | - looks at the social dynamics across whole societies or large parts of them |
| Microsociology | - understanding local interactional contents focus on face-to-face encounters and gather data - face to face is important - interpersonal - intrapersonal |
| Manifesto of the Communist Party | - history is driven by class struggle - two groups: bourgeoisie (wealthy) and proletariat (working class) - capitalism creates wealth but exploits workers - Karl Marx and Fredrick Engels |
| Quanitative | - find information about the social world that can be converted to numerical format |
| Qualitative | - collects info from the social world that can't be converted numerically |
| Mixed Methods | - quantitative + qualitative |
| Participant Observation | - qualitative - observing a patient in action - researcher in a participant |
| Interviews | - qualitative - structured or unstructured |
| Survey Research | - quanitative |
| Comparative Research | - compare two or more things together - they are similar but have differences |
| Content Analysis | - looking at media |
| Experimentation | - after something to see what it affects |
| Scientific Method | Observations -> questions -> hypothesis -> experiment -> accept hypothesis (if it is rejected then create a new hypothesis and repeat) |
| Independent Variable | - measured factor that is believed to be casually impacted on dependent variable |
| Dependent Variable | - outcome that a researcher is trying to explain |
| Dependent vs Independent | - independent variables influence change in the dependent variable |
| Hypothesis | - a proposed relationship between variables |
| "Telling the Truth about Damned Lies and Statistics" | - Joel Best - don't blindly trust statistics - ever statistic has flaws, its an issue when the flaw damages its effectiveness - statistics is the main evidence used by people in society |
| Data reporting errors example: | - climate change - college cost vs after college income -> high school degree vs college degree |
| "Racism and Research: The Case of the Tuskegee Syphilis Study" | - Allen Brandt - natural progression of Syphilis in African American men - 1932 started - 600 participants - knowingly failed to be treated properly: penicillin |
| Researcher Guildlines | - informed consent - voluntary participation |
| Correlation | - observed association between a change in the value of one variable and a change in the value of another variable |
| Causality | - change in a factor, results in the change of another factor - sociologists conduct research to try and prove causation |
| Validity | - does the research measure what it is intended to measure |
| Reliability | - if I conduct the study again will I get the same results |
| Generalizaability | - will the findings of the study apply to other groups of people |
| Garfinkel's breaching experiment | - involves having someone exhibit "abnormal" or "atypical" behaviors in social interactions in order to see how people react |
| Ethromethodology | - approach to study human interaction that focuses on the ways in which we made sense of our world - convey this understanding to others and produce a mentally shared social order |
| Nature vs Nurture | - Nature: biological - Nurture: social/cultural |
| Cultural Jamming | - the act of turning media against themselves |
| Hegemony | - a dominant group uses its power to elicit the voluntary consent of the masses |
| Socialization - Media | - media spreads culture around the world |
| Socialization - Peer Groups | - peer groups help shape individuals sense of self and ideas - affect from early to old |
| Socialization - School | - students acquire knowledge about the world & society in a formal setting - private schools: indoctrinate students who attend them into a world of social status and provilege |
| Decent | - Anderson - City parents - have a curfew, taught how to stay out of trouble - accept mainstream value |
| Street | - inner-city parents - parents lack consideration for others - can't cope with emotional and physical strain of parenthood |
| Accomplishment of Natural Growth | - Lareau - Working and lower class parents - let children grow on their own |
| Concreted Cultivation | - Lareau - Middle class parents - encourage kids to take part in clubs |
| Socialization - Family | - primary unit of socialization - parental and subtle coaching - children respond to parents action and parents respond to children actions |
| Socialization | - process which we learn and adapt so that we can participate in society or social groups |
| Ethnocentrism | - belief that ones own culture or group is better than others - they compare other cultures to their own |
| Smoking example | - at the beginning people would smoke because they thought it was cool - once a doctor study came out it changed the perception of them - in the USA there was a warning label added - Australia has photos on the boxes |
| Language & Signs | - Signifier: vehicle of meaning - ex: sounds, clothing, architecture |
| Material Goods | - physical objects created by people in society - objects influence how we live - ex: clothing |
| Norms | - widely agreed rules or principles people are expected to observe - do's and don'ts of society - ex: behavior in a classroom |
| Values | - abstract ideas; moral beliefs - ex: monogamy |
| Culture | - a set of beliefs, traditions, and practices - affects all systems of society - passed down from generation to generation |
| Stratification | - systematic inequalities between groups of people that arise because of consequences of social process and relationship (ways society is divided) |
| Estate System | - a politically based system of stratification characterized by limited social mobility |
| Castle System | - s system of stratification based on hereditary notions of religious and theological purity and generally offers no prospect for social mobility |
| Class System | - an economically based system of stratification with somewhat loose social mobility based on roles in production process rather than individual characteristics |
| Status Groups | - group of people that share a common lifestyle and identify with each other |
| Social Class | - the ordinary of all persons in society according to their degrees of economic resources, prestige and privilege |
| Socioeconomic Status (SES) | - refers to individuals position in a stratified social order |
| Sex | The biological characteristics which distinguish males and females |
| Gender | social and culture characteristics which are built around normative sex categories |
| Sexuality | the desire, sexual preference and sexual identity |
| Biosocial Perspective | gender identification and behaviors are based in part on peoples biological differences |
| Socialization Perspective | the process by which we learn and adapt to the ways of a given society or social group so as to successfully participate in it. |
| Interactionist | gender identification and behavior based on the day to day behavior that reinforces gender distinctions |
| Structuralist | the fundamental set of positions that represent society as a whole |
| Feminism | an intellectual, consciousness-raising movement based on the idea that women and men should be accorded equal opportunities and respect |
| The Pay Gap : Gender Inequality | Women globally earn roughly 80% of what men earn (or 80 cents per dollar), a metric that has narrowed slowly over decades. |
| Occupations : Gender Inequality | Women are disproportionately sorted into lower-paying or female-dominated fields (such as caregiving, education, and nursing), which are structurally undervalued compared to male-dominated fields |
| Workplace : Gender Inequality | High-paying corporate and professional roles often reward inflexible, long-hour "greedy jobs" that penalize workers who cannot prioritize uninterrupted physical presence. |
| Motherhood : Gender Inequality | Mothers face a per-child wage penalty, reduced hiring prospects, and missed promotions, while fathers frequently experience a "fatherhood wage premium". |
| Gender Equity in Social Policy | Equal pay act : 1963, requires that men and women be given equal pay for qual same in same establishment |
| Paycheck Fairness Act | Makes wages transparent, prohibits companies from taking action against employees |
| USA vs International family polices | in the USA women are given a week to 3 weeks of maternity leave and internationally women are given up to a year of paid maternity leave |
| Violence against women | all over the world there is violence against women |
| Ethnicity | a group of people who identify with one another through a common heritage, often consisting of a common language, culture, religion, and ideology |
| Race | an arbitrary classification of modern humans based on one or a combination of various phenotypical characteristics or geographical area |
| Race as social construct | A person can be considered a race for a long time and then they have a characteristics which doesn't go with that race so they arn't considered that race anymore |
| Pannational Ethnic Identities | - broad ethnics identities which encompass many, specific sub-groups - Ex: Hispanic: ancestry traced to Latin America, aka: Mexican, Puerto Rican, Cuban, etc. |
| Ethnocentrism pt 2 | the judgement of other groups by one's own standards and values, pt 2 |
| Segregation | the legal or social practice of separating people on the basis of their race and ethnicity |
| One-drop Rule | the belief that "one drop" of black blood makes a person black |
| Racism | the belief that someone is different because of the way they look or act |
| Descrimination | bias negative treatment against a group of people |
| Prejudice | preconceived opinion that is not based on actual experience or reason |
| Loving vs. Virginia | - an interracial couple got married - it was illegal for them to get married so they got arrested - went all the way to the supreme court and it was ruled illegal for interracial marriage to be illegal |
| White Privilege | unearned advantages that whites receive because of skin color |
| Institutional Racism | institutional and social dynamics that may seem race-neutral but actually disadvantage minority groups |
| Equity Inequality | captures the historical disadvantage of minority groups and the way those disadvantages accumulate over time |
| Poverty Line | a federally defined income limit, defined as the cost of an "economy" diet for a family, multiplied by 3 |
| Poverty | a condition of deprivation due to economic circumstances that is severe enough that the individual in this condition cannot live with dignity in his or her society |
| Relative Measure poverty | based on income distributions within a given society. Using median income is common. Anyone below the median is considered impoverished |
| Poverty Health | - less nutritious food - less access to medical care |
| Poverty Home Environment | - maternal mental health - Parental substance abuse - adverse parenting strategies - stress - cognitive simulation |
| Poverty Neighborhood Environment | - environmental toxins - violent crime - substandard housing - disadvantaged neighborhood |
| Poverty affects on children, Physical Health | higher rates of infant and child mortality, low birth weight, growth stunting, and lead poisoning |
| Poverty affects on children, Cognitive Outcomes | developmental delays and increased risk of learning disabilities |
| Poverty affects on children, Emotional and behavioral outcomes | higher risk of psychological disorders (ADHD, depression) |
| Poverty affects on children, School Achievement | grade repetition, more likely to dropout of high school |
| Poverty affects on children, Employment | less likely to be consistently employed as adults |
| Government Programs for the Poor | - medicaid - head start - national school lunch program - legal services for the poor - supplemental nutrition assistance program (SNAP) |
Created by:
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