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Anatomy / Chemistry
Study overview!!
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| In general, energy can exist in two major forms : _________ (action, or motion) and ______________ (stored). | kinetic energy and potential energy |
| chemical energy is stored in the ________ of chemical substances. | electrons which form the bonds |
| When energy is converted from one form to another ( kinetic to potential), some is always converted into ______________. | heat |
| Atoms are composed of ____________, ____________, and __________. | protons, neutrons and electrons |
| The nucleus of an atom consists of approximately, but not always exactly, equal numbers of ______ and ______. | protons and neutrons |
| Electrons have a mass of approximately _________ amu, while protons and neutrons both have a mass of __________ amu. ('amu' means ___________) | 0; 1; atomic mass unit |
| What is the atomic number of an atom with 5 protons and 6 neutrons? | 5 |
| What is the atomic mass, or 'mass number,' of an atom with 5 protons and 6 neutrons? | 5+6=11 |
| If an element is a mixture of equal numbers of atoms whose atomic mass is either 12 or 14, what is the atomic weight? | 13 |
| If one isotope of an element is radioactive, it is called an _________. | radioisotope |
| The four most abundant elements in the human body are _____, _____, _______, ________. | CHON (carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen) |
| When 2 or more atoms are held together by a chemical bond, the resulting particle is called a _______ (if the atoms are not all the same element, the particle is also called an __________) | molecule; compound |
| If two types of atoms or molecules are present in the same solution but are not chemically bonded, the solution is a _______ | mixture |
| Solutions have 2 components: the substance that is dissolved, called the ______, and the liquid in which it is dissolved, called the _________. | solute; solvent |
| In a (mixture/compound), no chemical bonding occurs. | mixture |
| (Mixture/Compound) can be separated by physical methods: heating, spinning, filtering, etc. | mixture |
| A _____________ mixture varies from place to place in terms of the concentrations of one or more components, while a ________- mixture is the same throughout. | heterogeneous; homogeneous |
| ________, _________, and AMU all refer to the atomic mass of a particle | Da (Dalton's), u (universal AMU) |
| If a particle weighs 5 Da, a mole of such particles would weigh _________ grams. | 5 |
| Particles in a (colloid/suspension) will settle to the bottom of the container over time | suspension |
| Except for the electron energy level closest to the nucleus, which is full with only _____ electrons, a pair of atoms will interact to allow both to have _____ electrons in their valence shell. | 2, 8 |
| _______ bonds form by the transfer of an electron, while __________ are formed when electrons are shared by 2 atoms | ionic and covalent |
| Two atoms that share three pairs of electrons are said to be joined by a ________ bond | triple covalent |
| If one atom of 2 covalently bonded atoms is more electronegative than the other, which means that it pulls electrons toward itself, the bond is (polar/non-polar) | polar |
| The 3D shape of proteins, and correct base pairing of DNA depends on the fact that _______ bonds are linear | hydrogen |
| An atom that donates an electron to another atom is said to be (reduced/oxidized) | oxidized |
| Increasing temp of a reaction causes it to occur ________. | faster |
| Small particles can react ______ than the larger ones | faster |
| A catalyst (is/ is not) a type of reactant, and so (is/ is not) changed during a chemical reaction | is not; is not |
| Biological catalysts are called _________. | enzymes |
| A reaction in which the molecules produced have less potential energy than the reactants is an (exergonic/endergonic) reaction | exergonic |
| energy + A + B = C | endergonic |
| If energy or products are lost from a system, the reaction becomes (reversible/irreversible) | irreversible |
| Organic compounds all contain _________. | carbon |
| Inorganic compounds usually do not contain | carbon |
| Water is _____________ solvent | polar |
| Ions are often called ________ because they can carry an electric current | electrolytes |
| A solution of pH 3 has ________ moles H+ per liter | 1/1000 |
| A solution of pH 2 has _______ times as many hydrogen ions in solution as one of pH 3 | 1/1000 x 10= 1/100. 10 times as many |
| The more hydrogens = more ___________ the solution is. | acidic |
| A substance that decreases the pH of a solution is a ______, while one which increases the pH of a solution is a ___________ | acid, base |
| A substance that stabilizes pH is called a ________ | buffer |
| Carbon dioxide reacts with water to form carbonic acid. The ability of carbonic acid to donate or accept a hydrogen ion is important, because the system is the main buffer in the _________ | blood |
| The four major classes of macromolecule are _______, ________, _______ and ________. | proteins, lipids, carbs and nucleic acids |
| Macromolecules are formed in _______ reactions, in which two hydrogens and an oxygen are removed from the reactants. | dehydration |
| When a macromolecule is broken down into smaller molecules, a molecule of __________ is added and the reaction is called ___________. | water, hydrolysis |
| Carbs are made from which atoms? | CHO (carbon, hydrogen, oxygen) |
| A _______ is a simple, single-ring sugar; a __________ is formed when two of these link together and __________ is formed when many of them link together | monosaccharide, disaccharide and polysaccharide. |
| Triglycerides consist of three __________ joined to a molecule of _______ | fatty acids; glycerol |
| A ___________ is formed by replacing one fatty acid in a triglyceride with a phosphorus containing molecule. | phospholipid |
| Steroids are _____ with ______ rings | lipids; four |
| Eicosanoids are _______ that contain _______ carbons. | lipids; 20 |
| Proteins are made of __________, joined together in a chain | amino acids |
| All amino acids have a _____ group, ________ group and a ___________ | amine, carboxyl, side chain |
| The bonds between the subunits in a protein are called ______ bonds | peptide |
| The _______ structure of a protein refers to the actual sequence of subunits | primary |
| The ________ structure of a protein refers to the complex folding caused by interactions between the side chains of the subunits with each other and with the solvent | tertiary |
| Protein unfolding, lost function | denaturation |
| Special protein called ________ help to guide the folding of other proteins | chaperones |
| Most enzymes are | globular proteins |
| word ends in ASE probably refers to | enzyme |
| enzyme that has all components needed for activity and no others | holoenzyme |
| If reaction is catalyzed by an enzyme, reactants are usually called | substrates |
| Nucleotides consist of 3 parts | phosphate, 5 carbon sugar, nitrogen containing base |
| 2 Major types of nucleic acid | DNA and RNA |
| 5 common bases in nucleic acid | adenine, guanine, cytosine, thymine and uracil |
| blueprint of humans | DNA |
| nucleic acid that is single-stranded | RNA |
| DNA 4 bases that are found | adenine, thymine, cytosine, guanine |
| RNA base ______ is used instead of ________ | uracil; thymine |
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