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Biology Exam 1
Chapter 20/24/25
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is a phylogeny? | Evolutionary relationships diagram. |
| What is a monophyletic group? Clade? | Ancestors and all descendants. |
| What is a paraphyletic group? | Ancestors and, not all but, some descendants. |
| What is a polyphyletic group? | No common ancestor included. |
| What is a branch point (node) on a phylogenetic tree? | Where lineages split |
| What are sister taxa? | Closest relatives |
| What is a basal taxon? | Split of first |
| What is a rooted tree? | Tree with ancestral root |
| What is a polytomy? | Unresolved multi-way split |
| Systematics | the study of evolutionary relationships |
| Taxonomy | the science of naming organisms into groups |
| What is a taxon? | a named grouping at any level |
| Bionomial Nomenclature? | genus + species name |
| Shared ancestral character? | trait from a common ancestor |
| Shared derived charater? | novel trait unique to a clade |
| Ingroup? | the sprecies being studied |
| Outgroup? | comparison taxon, not in group |
| Maximum Parsimony? | Fewest evolutionary changes |
| Molecular clock? | estimates time by mutation rate |
| Homology | similarity from shared ancestry |
| Analogy | similarity from convergent evolution |
| Horizontal gene transfer? | genes moving between species |
| three domains of life | 1. bacteria 2. archaea 3. eukarya |
| what is the age of earth? | 4.6 |
| first prokaryotes appear? | 3. 5 |
| 4 steps in the emergence of life? | biomolecules, marcromolecules, protocells, self-replication |
| Miller-Urey expirment? | organic molecules from conditions |
| cyanobacteria importance to early earth? | first to produce ozygen |
| gram-positive | think pepti cell wall |
| gram-negative | thin pepti layer between membranes |
| four modes of nutrition on prokaryotes | photo, chemo -auto and photo, chemo -hetero |
| obligate anaerobes | cannot survive with oxygen |
| obligate aerobes | require oxygen |
| facultative anaerobes | with or without oxygen |
| three factors for genetic diversity in prokaryotes | rapid reproduction, mutation, recombination |
| transformation | uptake of environmental DNA |
| transduction | gene transfer by viruses |
| conjugation | DNA transfer by pili |
| R plasmids | carry antibiotic resistance genes |
| which prokaryotic group is ancestral to mitochondria | Proteobacterio |
| which prokaryotic group is ancestral to chloroplasts? | cyanobacteria, gram-negative |
| the main groups of archaea | eurarchaeotes, crenarchaeota, lokiarchaeotes |
| nitrogen fixation | nitrogen converting into ammonia |
| eukaryotes in the fossil records | 1.8 |
| key traits of eukaryotes | nucleus, organelles, large cytoskeleton |
| serial endosymbiosis | two sequential engulfment events |
| host cell during event 1? | lokiarchaean, host cell |
| secondary endosymbiosis | eukaryote engulfs an alga |
| eukaryotes are 'combination organisms'? | genes from both bacteria and archaea |
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