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psychopatho exam 1
psyc 229 hc
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| 3 categories of assessment techniques | clinical interviews, clinical observations, clinical tests |
| analog observation | observation in a controlled environment to manipulate specific variables |
| battery of tests | when many clinical tests are used and scored together to land on a final diagnosis |
| concerns with the DSM 5 | umbrella substance use disorder, premenstrual dysphoric disorder, gambling disorder, umbrella autism spectrum disorder, removal of bereavement condition in favor of depressive diagnosis |
| defense mechanisms | in psychoanalytic theory, the ego (rationality)'s protective methods of reducing anxiety by unconsciously distorting reality |
| displacement (defense mechanism) | directing emotions/anger towards a less threatening/safe target (ex: mad because of boss at work, takes it out on partner) |
| dove counterbalance test | an intelligence test that's famously culturally biased to demonstrate the futile validity of such exams |
| DSM | Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (widely used in the US) |
| idiographic information | a type of information applicable to a specific individual |
| intelligence test | a type of clinical test that indirectly measures intellectual ability (ex: IQ) |
| mental status exam | to examine the client's cognitive, psychological, and behavioral functioning, often done to older individuals to track mental decline |
| naturalistic observation | observation in a typical environment to better understand normal functioning and relationships |
| neuropsychological test | a type of clinical test that directly assesses brain function and activity (ex: EEG) |
| personality inventories | a type of clinical test designed to measure broad personality characteristics (self-reported measure) (ex: MMPI) |
| projection (defense mechanism) | emotionally distancing oneself from thoughts and desires by attributing them to other people (ex: blaming someone else for whole team loss) |
| projective test | clinician presents ambiguous stimuli, patient interprets and responds to it (rorschach inkblot, thematic apperception test (TAT), sentence-completion test) |
| psychophysiological test | a type of clinical test that measures physiological response as an indication of psychological problems (ex: polygraph) |
| Rationalization (defense mechanism) | justifying one's thoughts/feelings with a socially acceptable reason instead of true motive (ex: late because of traffic not because of poor planning) |
| reaction formation (defense mechanism) | behaving in a way that is opposite to actual feelings (ex: fake friends) |
| Regression (defense mechanism) | a person reverting to an earlier developmental stage (ex: adult throwing tantrum) |
| reliability | do we get the same results every time we measure? (consistency) |
| Repression (defense mechanism) | the mind unconsciously buries distressing aspects of the self (memories, ideas, emotions) |
| standardization | setting rules for how measurements are taken so each test is performed the same way |
| structured clinical interview | specific, standard set of questions to ask, same for everyone (ex: mental status exam) |
| thematic apperception test (TAT) | a clinical test that shows pictures and asks the patient to tell stories based on them |
| two types of information to diagnose with the DSM | categorical (disease category indicated by type of symptoms) and dimensional (severity of symptoms) |
| clinical interview focuses between the perspectives | - psychodynamic: patient relationships, deep-rooted cognitions - cognitive-behavioral: triggers, behaviors - humanistic: patient's self-concept - biological: biochemical/brain dysfunction - sociocultural: family and social environment |
| unstructured clinical interview | clinicians ask open-ended questions |
| validity | is this accurately measuring what it is meant to? |
| What is the purpose of clinical assessment? | to reach a conclusion/diagnosis from gathered information |
| What percentage of adults in the US experienced a mental disorder in the past 12 months (excluding substance use disorders)? | 26% |
| What group of disorders are the most prevalent in the US? | Anxiety disorders |
| In the US, which group has the most prevalence of mental illness in the last year? | LGBTQ+ |
| What are the 4 Ds of abnormality? | deviance, distress, dysfunction, dangerousness |
| Deviance | violations of recognized cultural norms (culturally relative) |
| Distress | mental upset, a recognition of disorder in one's cognition |
| dysfunction | a comparison of a person's performance with the requirements of their role to judge proper functioning |
| dangerousness | is this person a threat to themselves/others? |
| anosognosia | a patient's inability to recognize their mental confusion (lack of apparent distress) |
| psychopathology | the study of the symptoms, causes, and treatments of mental disorders |
| etiology | cause of disease |
| cultural relativism | judging behavior within the standards of its culture to determine any deviance using context |
| cultural universality | certain symptoms of mental disorders apply in the same sense to all cultural contexts |
| lifetime prevalence | the percentage of people in the population who have had a disorder at ANY point in their lives |
| positive psychology | studying the positive human qualities that build thriving, successful lives |
| prejudice | preconceived opinion that is not based on reason or actual experience (INTERNAL) |
| discrimination | unjustified negative behaviors towards a group based on preconceived opinions about them (EXTERNAL) |
| racism | prejudice or discrimination towards a group based on race |
| psychodiagnosis | what clinicians use to describe, assess, and understand a patient's mental condition |
| tarantism | dancing hysteria from the middle ages |
| trephining | ancient lobotomy where the skull was chipped to release spirits |
| Thomas Szasz | (1987) belief that societal characterization of a behavior as abnormal does not immediately equate to a mental illness, spotlight on unusual belief systems, abnormal behavior as a reflection of the society that deems it deviance |
| Philippe Pinel | (moral treatment movement) Took charge of mental hospitals in Paris, made them less prison-like, encouraged exercise, noted positive impact on patients |
| Johan Weyer | german physicist who challenged beliefs in witches/witchcraft |
| Benjamin Rush | (moral treatment movement) Father of US psychiatry, treated patients with more respect, racist |
| Clifford Beers | (1908) wrote book on experience with mental illness 'A mind that found itself' |
| Emil Kraepelin | (early bio perspective) defined syndromes as a cluster of symptoms, early developer of the DSM |
| Friedrich Mesmer | (early psych perspective) ideas of hypnosis to treat hysteria |
| Sigmund Freud | father of psychoanalysis, thought behavior was determined by unconscious underlying forces outside awareness, fixation theories on psychosexual stages, ID superego ego |
| Josef Breuer | involved in early psychoanalysis and hypnotic therapies |
| Beliefs of abnormal behavior during ancient times | evil spirits, exorcisms, trephining |
| Beliefs of abnormal behavior during Greco-Roman times | naturalistic explanations, Hippocrates (heredity, brain pathology), Plato (treat the mentally ill instead of punishing them), Galen (classification of Euro medical knowledge) |
| Beliefs of abnormal behavior during middle ages | reversions to supernatural explanations, group hysteria, tarantism |
| Moral treatment movement (1700s-1800s) | efforts to treat the mentally ill with more respect and dignity, movement towards destigmatization |
| clinical psychologist | - phD or psyD - focus on psychopathology, personality, diagnosis, therapy - looks for specific pathologies to diagnose |
| counseling psychologist | - phD or psyD - focus on life adjustment issues > mental illness |
| mental health counselor | - masters degree, clinical experience |
| neuropsychologist | - phD or psyD - focus on brain-behavior relationships - assessment, diagnosis, treatment planning related to neurological conditions |
| psychiatrist | - MD (4 years med school, 3-4 years psych school) - can prescribe medication |
| psychiatric nurse | - RN degree from nursing program + special psych training - assessment, diagnosis, and treatment of mental illness - advanced nurses can prescribe meds |
| psychiatric social worker | - masters in social work - assessment, screening, and therapy with high-need clients - facilitates outreach to other agencies |
| school psychologist | - masters/ doctoral in school psych - focus on emotional and learning difficulties of students in schools |
| substance abuse counselor | - varied professional experience required - work in agencies that evaluate and treat addictions |
| multicultural psychology | a movement emphasizing the need to consider worldview, culture, and lifestyle contexts to analysis of patient behaviors |
| the two early viewpoints of psychology from the 1900s | biological and psychological |
| early biological viewpoint | mental disorders are caused by physical bodily changes. Kraepelin (defines syndromes), pasteur's germ theory of disease, general paresis, ect |
| early psychological viewpoint people | mesmer (early hypnotic therapies), liebeault and bernheim (demonstrated proof of the viewpoint), Breuer (symptom reduction through therapy), Freud (psychoanalysis), behaviorism (focus on the observable, bio + psych) |
| early psychological viewpoint ideas | mental disorders caused by psychological and emotional factors |
| acculturative stress | stress associated with moving countries and adapting to a lifestyle outside of your customs |
| all-or-nothing thinking | (a type of cognitive distortion) black-and-white thinking (ex: loses credit card -> thinks they cannot be responsible for holding any important item ever) |
| Beck's cognitive triad | negative thinking includes negative views of the self, world, and future and combinations increase the risk of clinical depression |
| biological dimension | - etiology: physiological bases with a medical perspective - focus: brain chemistry, circuitry, anatomy, possible malfunctioning - treatments: drug therapy, brain stimulation, psychosurgery |
| catastrophizing | (a type of cognitive distortion) the worst case scenario is assumed (ex: loses credit card -> thinks someone has stolen all their info and drained their bank account) |
| catharsis | reliving past repressed feelings (ex: crying) |
| cognitive-behavioral perspective | - etiology: the relationship between cognitive and behavior - focus: understanding those together to guide therapy |
| culture-sensitive therapies | therapy approaches that are designed to help address the unique issues faced by members of cultural minority groups |
| Ellis' ABC theory of emotional disturbance | - using the concept that maladaptive thoughts result in maladaptive behavior - Activating event - Beliefs about event cause... - Consequences (person's reaction) |
| gender-sensitive therapies | therapy approach designed with specific focus on addressing any gender-related issues/experiences |
| model | a representative way to describe a phenomenon that cannot be directly observed (a little summarized form to explain a topic), is psychiatry, guides treatment techniques and principles |
| multipath model | a model that addresses the limitations associated with simple path models. has biological, psychological, social, and sociocultural dimensions. |
| overgeneralization | (a type of cognitive distortion) one event is believed to be an always. (ex: loses credit card -> thinks they will keep losing it forever as long as they have one) |
| psychodynamic perspective | - etiology: behavior from underlying unconscious forces outside a person's awareness - unbalance in 3 unconscious forces of personality: ID (impulsive), ego (rational), superego (morality) - defense mechanisms - people: Freud, Breuer |
| psychological dimension | a dimension of the multipath model containing the psychodynamic and cognitive-behavioral perspectives |
| resilience model | a form of the multipath model that looks at the prevention of mental disorder development across the paths |
| social dimension | - dimension carries many models - social-relational model: healthy relationships = healthy functioning and development - family systems model: the behavior of one family member effects the system |
| sociocultural dimension | - etiology: a person's experience with their culture impacts their mental health - focus: ethnicity, gender, religion, sexuality, socioeconomic status - concern for topics of immigration and racism - therapies: culturally-sensitive, ect. |
| Thema Bryant on decolonizing psychology | - a contextualized psychology - reclaiming, reconnecting, honoring, and recognizing our interconnectedness - achieving a therapeutic and healing justice |
| using the ABC theory of emotional disturbance for treatments | cutting a person's irrational cognitive process of at B (beliefs) so the Activating event doesn't lead to Consequences |
| cognitive-behavioral perspective people | - people: ellis (ABC theory of emotional disturbance), Beck (negative thoughts causing cognitive distortions, cognitive triad) |
| cognitive-behavioral perspective treatment | - treatment: cognitive behavioral therapies, exposure therapies, group therapy, acceptance therapy (teaching flexibility) |
| psychodynamic perspective treatments | - treatments: psychoanalytic therapy (past trauma uncovered through free association) |
| example of using the resilience model | social dimension -> recognizes loneliness as a cause of mental disorder -> resilience model includes the prevention of this cause by promoting connection |
| social dimension therapies | conjoint family therapeutic approach (group therapy with fam, emphasizes communication), strategic family approach (considers power struggles + distribution), structural family approach (considers how members are involved in each others' lives), couples |
| multicultural model (under the sociocultural dimension) | submodel where being culturally different does not automatically equal deviance or inferiority, does not assume patients share traits common with their cultural group, focus on different values and experiences |
Created by:
lkellermsma