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A&P Ch.2 Vocab
All Vocabulary Words
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Matter | Anything that takes up space and has mass |
| Element | Substance that cannot be broken down into substances with different properties: composed of only one type of atom. |
| Atom | Smallest particle of an element that displays the properties of the element. |
| Protons | Positive subatomic particle, located in the nucleus and having a weight of approximately one atomic mass unit |
| Neutrons | Neutral subatomic particle, located in the nucleus and having a weight of approximately one atomic mass unit |
| Electrons | Negative subatomic particle, moving about in an energy level around the nucleus of an atom. |
| Electron Shell | Average location, or energy level, of an electron in an atom. |
| Atomic number | Number of protons within the nucleus of an atom. |
| Mass number | The sum of the number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus of an atom. |
| Atomic mass | Mass of an atom equal to the number of protons plus the number of neutrons within the nucleus. |
| Isotopes | Atoms with the same atomic number, but a different a different atomic mass due to different number of neutrons |
| Radioisotope | Unstable form of an atom that spontaneously emits radiation in the form of radioactive particles or radiant energy. |
| Molecule | Union of two or more atoms of the same element; also the smallest particle of a compound that retains the properties of the compound. |
| Compound | Substance having two or more different elements united chemically in a fixed ratio. |
| Valence Shell | The outermost energy shell of an atom; the location of electrons that participate in chemical reactions. |
| Ions | Charged particle that carries a negative or positive charge. |
| Ionic bond | Chemical bond in which ions are attracted to one another by opposite charges. |
| Covalent bonds | Chemical bond in which atoms share one pair of electrons. |
| Hydrogen bond | Weak bond that arises between a slightly positive hydrogen atom of one molecule and a slightly negative atom of another, or between parts of the same molecule. |
| Polar | Combination of atoms in which the electrical charge is not disturbed symmetrically. |
| Calorie | Amount of heat energy required to raise the temperature of 1g to 1 C |
| Hydrophilic | Type of molecule that interacts with water by dissolving in water and/or forming hydrogen bonds with water molecules. |
| Hydrophobic | Type of molecule that does not interact with water because it is non-polar |
| Non-Polar | Molecules in which the electrons are evenly shared between the atoms in the molecule. |
| Cohesion | The ability of water molecules to bond to each other due to the abundance of hydrogen bonds between water molecules. |
| Mole | A unit of scientific measurement for atoms, ions, and molecules. |
| Acids | Molecules that raise the hydrogen ion concentration in a solution and lower its pH numerically. |
| Bases | Molecule that lowers the hydrogen ion concentration in a solution and raises the pH numerically. |
| pH scale | Measurement scale for hydrogen ion concentration; logarithmic scale. |
| Buffers | Substance or group of substances that tend to resist pH changes of a solution, thus stabilizing its relative acidity and basicity |
| Organic Molecules | Type of molecule that contains carbon and hydrogen- and often contains oxygen also |
| Macromolecule | Extremely large biological molecule; refers specifically to proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, lipids, and complexes of these. |
| Dehydration reaction | Chemical reaction resulting in a covalent bond with the accompanying loss of a water molecule |
| Hydrolysis reaction | Splitting of a compound by the addition of water, with the H+ being incorporated in one fragment and the OH+ in the other. |
| Carbohydrates | Class of organic compounds that includes monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides. |
| Monosaccharides | Simple sugar; a carbohydrate that cannot be decomposed by hydrolysis (e.g., glucose) |
| Glucose | Six - carbon sugar that organisms degrade as a source of energy during cellular respiration |
| Disaccharide | Sugar that contains two units of a monosaccharide (e.g., Maltese) |
| Polysaccharides | Polymer made from sugar monomers |
| Starch | Storage polysaccharide found in plants; composed of glucose molecules joined in a linear fashion with a few side chains |
| Glycogen | Storage polysaccharides composed of glucose molecules, joined in a linear fashion, but having numerous branches |
| Lipids | Class of a organic compound that tends to be soluble only in nonpolar solvents such as alcohol; includes fats and oils |
| Triglycerides | Neutral fat, composed of glycerol, and three fatty acids; also known as fats and lipids |
| Fats | Organic molecule that contains glycerol and fatty acids, found in adipose tissue |
| Cellulose | Polysaccharide commonly called fiber |
| Oils | Substance, usually of plant origin and liquid at room temp, formed when a glycerol molecule reacts with three fatty acid molecules |
| Emulsification | Breaking up a fat globules into smaller droplets by the action of bile salts or any other emulsifier |
| Fatty acid | Molecule that contains a hydrocarbon chain that ends with an acid group |
| Saturated fatty acids | Fatty acid molecule that lacks double bonds between the atoms of its carbon chain |
| Unsaturated fatty acids | fatty acid molecule that has one or more double bonds between the atoms of its carbon chain |
| Trans fats | Fats, which occurred naturally in meat and dairy products of ruminants. |
| Phospholipids | Polymer made from sugar monomers; the polysaccharide starch and glycogen are polymers of glucose monomers |
| Steroids | Type of lipid molecule having a complex of four carbon rings; examples are cholesterol, progesterone and testosterone |
| Proteins | Molecule consisting of one or more polypeptides |
| Amino acids | Organic molecule having an amino group and an acid group, which covalently bonds to produce peptide molecules |
| Peptide bonds | Type of covalent bond that joins two amino acids |
| Polypeptide | Polymer of three or more amino acids linked by peptide bonds |
| Denaturation | Loss of normal shape by an enzyme so that it no longer functions; caused by a less than optimal pH or temp |
| Nucleic acids | Polymer of nucleotides; DNA and RNA are both examples |
| Nucleotide | Monomer of DNA and RNA, consisting of a 5-carbon sugar bonded to a nitrogen-containing base and a phosphate group |
| DNA | Nucleic acid polymer produced from covalent bonding of nucleotide monomers that contain the sugar deoxyribose; the genetic material of nearly all organisms |
| RNA | Nucleic acid produced from nucleic bonding of nucleotide monomer that contain the sugar ribose; its three major forms are messenger RNA, ribosomal RNA, and transfer RNA |
| Co-enzymes | Non-protein, organic molecule that aids the action of the enzyme to which it is loosely bound |
| ATP | Nucleotide with three phosphate groups |
| Adenine | One of four nitrogen bases in nucleotides composing the structure of DNA and RNA |
| Thymine | One of four nitrogen bases in nucleotides composing the structure of DNA; pairs with adenine |
| Guanine | One of four nitrogen bases in nucleotides composing the structure of DNA and RNA; pairs with cytosine |
| Cytosine | One of four nitrogen bases in nucleotides composing the structure of DNA and RNA: pairs with guanine |
| Uracil | The base in RNA that replaces thymine found in DNA; pairs with adenine |
| Complementary base pairing | Hydrogen bonding between particular basis. In DNA, thymine pairs with adenine and guanine pairs with cytosine. In RNA, uracil pairs with adenine and guanine pairs with cytosine. |
| ADP | Nucleotide with two phosphate groups that can accept another phosphate group and become ATP |
Created by:
eoehmke