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urinalysis exam 2
physical examination
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| 3 main components of urine | urea, uric acid, creatinine |
| oliguria | decreased urine output |
| polyuria | increased urine output |
| anuria | extreme lack of urine --> less than 100 mL per day |
| normal urine output for healthy adults | 800-2000 mL/day |
| diabetes mellitus vs insipidus | mellitus - excess glucose in urine and polyuria insipidus - massive amounts of very dilute urine |
| specimen label should include | patient name, ID number, date, time, age, location, physician |
| tests should be done within ___ hours of collection | 2 |
| specimen preservation | refrigerate |
| what increases when specimen left at room temp | color, turbidity, pH, nitrite, bacteria, odor |
| what decreases when specimen left at room temp | glucose, ketones, bilirubin, urobilinogen, RBCs and WBCs, casts |
| what specimen is most ideal | first morning specimen |
| fasting specimen | 2nd specimen voided, does not contain metabolites from evening meal, recommended for glucose monitoring |
| 2 hour postprandial specimen | used to monitor insulin therapy |
| 24hr (timed) specimen | used to measure substances with diurnal variations and substances that vary and body metabolism |
| before performing urinalysis on catheterized specimens.... | perform culture |
| what specimen is supposed to be less contaminated | midstream clean catch |
| 3 glass collection is used for what | prostatitis specimen |
| temperature of urine for drug tests must be taken within ___ mins and be _________ | 4; 32.5- 37.7*C |
| normal variations in urine color | physical activity, ingested materials, metabolic functions |
| urochrome | pigment that makes piss yellow |
| uroerythrin | pink-red pigment that contributes to urine colorations |
| urobilin | oxidation of urobilinogen; orange brown color in older specimens |
| what produces a yellow foam when shaken? | bilirubin |
| photo-oxidation of _________________ produces a yellow-orange urine | urobilinogen |
| photo-oxidation of bilirubin to ________________ produces ______________ urine | biliverdin; yellow-green |
| what produces a thick orange pigment and yellow foam | phenazopyridine |
| cloudy red urine = | RBCs |
| clear red urine = | hemoglobin or myoglobin |
| port wine colored urine | oxidation of porphobilinogen to porphyrins |
| fresh beets in ________ urine and black raspberries in _________ urine produce nonpathogenic red urine | alkaline; acidic |
| causes of black urine | melanin and homogentisic acid |
| causes of blue/ green urine | bacterial infections, medications (clorets) |
| specific gravity | the density of a solution compared with the density of an equal volume of distilled water at the same temperature |
| urinometer | density of urine raises float to higher level relative to the density of urine |
| subtract _____ for each g of protein and _____ for each g of glucose | protein - 0.003 glucose - 0.004 |
| refractometer | comparison of the velocity of light in air with the velocity of light in a solution |
| isothenuric | SG of 1.010 |
| hyposthenuric | SG lower than 1.010 |
| hypersthenuric | SG higher than 1.010 |
| normal random specimen specific gravity | 1.015 to 1.025 |
| SG below 1.003 | thats not piss homie |
| abnormally high SG | radiographic contrast media, dextran, other IV plasma expanders, check patients clinical course |
| rancid odor | tyrosinemia |
| sweaty feet odor | isovaleric acidemia |
| cabbage odor | methionine malabsorption |
Created by:
kingsleya27