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anat 1 exam 1 part 1
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| what is an effector as it relates to homeostatic systems | -carries out responses to restore balance in the body -execute the commands from the control center, leading to physical or chemical changes that restore balance -Common effectors =muscles +glands; ex/ sweat glands help cool the body when it overheats. |
| what is the efferent pathway as it relates to homeostatic systems | Efferent pathways carry motor commands from the CNS to muscles and glands, facilitating responses to stimuli -regulated by autonomic nervous system -> help maintain homeostasis by adjusting bodily functions like heart rate and digestion. |
| what is the afferent pathway as it relates to homeostatic systems | -they carry sensory data from receptors to the CNS, enabling awareness of changes in the environment ex/ temp or pain -form a critical part of feedback loop that regulates bodily functions |
| negative feedback loop | A negative feedback loop is a fundamental regulatory process that counteracts changes to restore stability 1. (temp) when body is too hot or cold, we sweat or shiver 2. (bp) when bp is too high or low, body adjusts hr and blood vessel diameter |
| positive feedback loop | Positive feedback loops amplify an initial stimulus, pushing the system further in the same direction. ex/ contractions during birth become stronger and more frequent |
| chemical level (levels of organization) | atoms combine to form molecules |
| cellular level (levels of organization) | cells are made up of molecules |
| tissue level (levels of organization) | tissues consist of similar types of cells |
| organ level (levels of organization) | organs are made up of different types of tissues |
| organ system level (levels of organization) | organ systems consist of different organs that work together closely |
| organism level (levels of organization) | the human organism is made up of many organ systems |
| put the levels of organization of life in order 1-6 | 1. chemical level 2. cellular level 3. tissue level 4. organ level 5. organ system level 6. organism level |
| cranial cavity | contains brain |
| thoracic cavity | contains heart and lungs |
| abdominal cavity | contains digestive viscera |
| pelvic cavity | contains urinary bladder, reproductive organs, and rectum |
| vertebral cavity | contains spinal cord |
| ventral vs dorsal cavities | dorsal= cranial and vertebral ventral= thoracic, abdominal and pelvic |
| where is the pleural cavity located? | surrounding each lung between visceral and parietal pleura |
| where is the pericardial cavity located? | within the chest, surrounding the heart |
| first law of thermodynamics | energy cannot be created or destroyed, only transformed energy in a closed system is conserved; it can only change forms. |
| second law of thermodynamics | in any energy transfer, some energy is lost as heat |
| why does our body produce heat? | The body generates heat through metabolic reactions, particularly during the conversion of food into energy |
| hydrophobic | substances that repel water crucial for the structure of cell membranes, where hydrophobic regions help form barriers that regulate what enters and exits the cell ex/ oils, fats waxes |
| hydrophilic | substances that have an affinity for water molecules that can interact with water crucial for structure of cell membranes ex/ sugars, salts, proteins |
| amphipathic | molecules that possess both hydrophilic (water-attracting) and hydrophobic (water-repelling) regions ex/ phospholipids have hydrophilic head and hydrophobic tail organized into bilayers in cell membrane (phospholipid bilayer) |
| what makes a substance hydrophobic? | if it is nonpolar, meaning it does not have the right charge imbalances to interact with water |
| what makes a substance hydrophilic? | Hydrophilic substances usually have polar or charged groups, which interact favorably with water these substances readily dissolve in water |
| what factors effect the speed of a chemical reaction and why? | temperature- high temp= faster reaction pH- most EZ have optimal pH, so bad pH= slower reaction concentration inhibitors- slow down |
| what are enzymes | biological macromolecules (proteins) that act as catalysts to accelerate body reactions |
| what do enzymes do to increase the speed of chemical reactions? | lower the activation energy (minimum amount of energy that must be available to reactants for a chemical reaction to occur) needed for reactions, making it easier for them to proceed. |
| primary structure in protein | -a linear sequence of amino acids which form a polypeptide chain -determined by DNA sequence |
| secondary structure in protein | folding patterns of a polypeptide chain (alpha helixes and beta sheets) alpha helix= coil structure beta sheet= parallel structure (chain zig zags and forms a pleated sheet. adjacent strands held together by hydrogen bonds |
| tertiary structure in protein | -the overall 3-D shape of a polypeptide -when alpha helixes/beta sheets fold up on themselves to form a compact globular molecule held together by intramolecular bonds |
| quaternary structure in protein | two or more polypeptide chains (in tertiary structure) combine to form a functional protein |
| what happens when a protein denatures? | it loses its three-dimensional structure, which is crucial for its function-> making it unable to perform its specific roles in the body (such as acting as enzymes or hormones.) |
| atomic number | indicates the number of protons in an atom's nucleus, determining the element's identity (each element has a unique atomic number; for example, hydrogen has an atomic number of 1, while oxygen has an atomic number of 8) |
| atomic weight | average mass of an element's atoms |
| ions | atoms or molecules that have an electrical charge due to an imbalance between the number of protons and electrons. |
| cations and anions | When an atom gains or loses electrons, it becomes charged, resulting in either a positively charged ion (cation) or a negatively charged ion (anion) |
| number of electrons | -determines the atom's chemical properties and reactivity -electrons are involved in forming bonds with other atoms, influencing how substances interact with each other in chemical reactions |
| isotopes | a variant of a chemical element that has the same number of protons but a different number of neutrons, resulting in a different atomic mass. |
| nucleus | stores dna pores allow transport of mRNA gene expression/transcription |
| endoplasmic reticulum | attached to nucleus and organelles is a network of interconnected membranes, forms sacs and canals functions= secretion transport through the cell chemical communication |
| plasma membrane | (cell membrane) biological barrier that surrounds all living cells, separating the cell's interior from the external environment regulates movement of substances in and out of the cell. |
Created by:
emma.thornton