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Biology Test
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What are the 7 characteristics of life? | Organization, homeostasis, metabolism, reproduction, growth and development, response to stimuli, and evolution. |
| Reproduction is NOT essential for the survival of an ______ but is essential for the survival of the _____. | Individual, population |
| Autotroph | organisms that make their own food. |
| Heterotrophs | Living organisms that cannot make their own food. |
| What is the simplest level at which life may exist? | As a cell. |
| What is the foundation of biology? | Carbon |
| Forms of matter that can not break down into smaller substances | Elements |
| What are the 4 essential elements of life | Oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, and nitrogen |
| What are the subatomic particles and what are their charges? | Protons (+), neutrons (uncharged), and electrons (-) |
| What is the atomic number? | Number of protons |
| What is the atomic mass | Protons + Neutrons |
| Isotopes | Different forms of the same atom that have the same number of protons but a different number of neutrons. (Ex. C12 and C13) |
| How many electrons can the inner shell contain? | 2 |
| How many shells can the outer two shells contain? | 8 |
| Valence electrons | Electrons in the outermost shell |
| Octet rule | Atoms want to fill their valence shell to contain 8 electrons. |
| Covalent Bond | Sharing of electrons. Commonly in carbon-based organic molecules |
| Electron Transfer | The giving or taking of an electron |
| Ionic bond | transfer of electrons between atoms. Creating two ions that stick together. Weaker than covalent bonds. |
| Electrostatic attraction | When opposite charged ions are attracted to one another. |
| Compounds | Covalent bonded atoms of different elements. (2H and O make H2O) |
| Ions/ionized | When atoms give or take an electron; they become positively or negatively charged |
| Cation | positively charged ions |
| Anion | negatively charged ions |
| Unionized | Molecules with a neutral charge because it has not gained or lost an electron. |
| Chemical reaction | Two or more atoms bond together to forma. molecule or when bonded atoms break apart. |
| Reactants | Substances used in the beginning of a chemical reaction. 2H + O ---> H2O. The 2H+O |
| Products | End of the chemical reaction 2H+O ---> H2O. The H2O |
| Chemical equilibrium | When a chemical reaction continues to go back and forth from reactants to products to keep the balance. |
| Hydrogen bond | Polar covalent bond, a weak interaction occurs between the hydrogen’s positive charge from one molecule slightly bonds with another molecule's negative charge, usually oxygen. |
| Van der Waal | weak attractions or interactions between molecules that are close together. Between any two or more molecules. (like hydrogen bonds but can happen with different molecules) |
| What bonds contribute to the protein's three-dimensional structure in our cells that is necessary for their proper function | van der Waals, ionic, covalent, and hydrogen bonds |
| Relationship between structure and function | When atoms share their electrons to form covalent bonds the orbital location of shared electrons will determine the shape of the molecule that is formed. Shape=Function |
| Polar covalent bond | Atoms unequally share electrons as the electrons are attracted more to one nucleus than the other. Causes a slightly positive and a slightly negative charge. The negative charged atom has higher electronegativity with more protons in its nucleus. |
| Non polar covalent bond | Atoms share electrons evenly. |
| Electronegativity | Ability to attract electrons in a chemical bond forming a polar covalent bond. |
| High electronegativity | Pulls electrons towards itself. Electrons spend more time around its nucleus. |
| How is the chemical behavior of an atom determined? | By the number and distribution of electrons in the valence shell |
| What makes all atoms of a particular element the same | Number of protons |
| How many neutrons are in an atom with the mass number 35 and an atomic number of 17? | 18 |
| How many chemical bonds can nitrogen form if it has 5 valence electrons | 3 |
| The ionic bond of sodium chloride is formed when? | Sodium donates an electron to chlorine |
| What are the 4 properties of water | Cohesion and adhesion, High specific heat, floating ice, universal solvent |
| Cohesion | Water molecules are attracted to each other |
| Adhesion | Attraction between water molecules and other molecules. Watering plants and climbing up glass walls. |
| High specific heat | Hydrogen bonding among water molecules allows water to hold onto heat. It takes longer for water to heat and cool. Oceans regulate the heat. The body maintains a more even temp. |
| Floating ice | When water freezes the hydrogen bonds in those water molecules space apart more evenly in turn making frozen water less dense than liquid form. |
| Universal solvent | The polarity of the water molecule surrounds the other molecule. Opposite attracts. |
| Calorie | Amount of heat required to raise the temp of 1 gram of water by 1 degree celsius. |
| Acids | Substance that increases hydrogen ions concentration in a solution. Stomach Acid |
| Base | Substance that either provides OH- atoms to combine with hydrogen ions, reducing concentration in the solution. Baking soda |
| What makes something have a high pH number? 14 | low concentration of hydrogen ions. Base |
| What makes something have a low pH number? 0 | High concentration of hydrogen ions. Acid |
| pH scale | 0-14 |
| Buffer | Absorbs excess H+ or OH- keeping the body's carefully maintained. hemoglobin |
| Hydrophilic | Polar substance that interacts or dissolves in water |
| Hydrophobic | non polar compounds that fear water. |
| Organic chemistry | Study of molecules that have carbon in them |
| Organic molecules | any carbon containing liquid, solid, or gas |
| Hydrocarbons | Organic molecules consisting entirely of carbon and hydrogen |
| Carbon bonds | atomic # 6. Able to form covalent bonds with 4 different atoms |
| Isomers | Molecules that share the same chemical formula but differ in the structure of their atoms and/or chemical bonds |
| what are the 7 functional groups | Hydroxyl (OH), Carbonyl (O=C), Amino (NH2), Sulfhydryl (SH), phosphate (PO4), Methyl CH3, Acetyl (C2H3O, COCH3) |
| What are the 4 macromolecules | Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. They contain carbon that are bonded to hydrogen and may contain oxygen and nitrogen |
| Monomers | Building blocks of macromolecules |
| Polymers | Monomers combined with each other using covalent bonds to form larger molecules. |
| Hydrolysis reactions | Releases energy. Polymers break down into monomers. Insertion of a water molecule. One monomer gains a hydrogen and the other gains a hydroxyl molecule. |
| Dehydration synthesis | Requires energy. When monomers combine with each other to form polymers they release water. |
| Carbohydrates function | Short term energy storage |
| Carbohydrates 3 subtypes | monosaccharides (1 sugar), Disaccharides (2 sugar), and polysaccharides (many sugar) |
| What are carbohydrates monomers? | monosaccharides |
| What are carbohydrates monosaccharides (hexagon shape) | simple sugars. glucose, fructose, and galactose |
| What are carbohydrates disaccharides? | Simple sugars. Maltose- 2 glucose, Sucrose- glucose + fructose, Lactose-glucose + galactose |
| Function of polysaccharides | Complex carbohydrates. Long chain of glucose, store energy. When they break apart it gives us energy. |
| All sugars contain two trademark functional groups | a single carbonyl group and multiple hydroxyl groups |
| Glycogen | Polysaccharide. How humans and animals store energy |
| Lipids | Long term energy storage, hormones and cellular membranes |
| Lipids monomers | fatty acids (long hydrocarbon chain with a carboxyl group and one end and a methyl group at the other) and glycerol (C3H8O3) |
| Saturated fatty acids | Single bonds. The number of hydrogen atoms attached to carbon skeleton is maximized. Wax and fat, solid at room temperature. |
| Unsaturated fatty acids | Double bonds. Oils, liquid at room temp. |
| Monounsaturated fat | one double bond in the hydrogen+carboxyl chain |
| Polyunsaturated fat | more than one double bond in the hydrogen+carboxyl chain |
| What are the 4 types of lipids | Triglycerides, phospholipids, steroids, and waxes. |
| Triglycerides | Long term energy storage. 3 fatty acids molecules and one glycerol molecule. |
| Phospholipids | Membranes of cells. Thermal insulation and protection. Phosphate group, glycerol molecule, 2 fatty acid chains. Pollar head and 2 non polar tails. |
| Steroids | Cholesterol, estradiol, testosterone, cortisol. 4 fused rings |
| waxes | Nonpolar. Long alkyl chains. |
| Proteins | Chemical reaction by enzymes (digestion), structural support to cells, antibodies, movement |
| Protein monomers | 20 Amino acids |
| Protein polymers | Polypeptide chains |
| What bond happens between amino acids to form polypeptide | Peptide bonds |
| Protein structure | Carboxyl group, amino group, and R group |
| R group | Defines amino acids and make them act a certain way. |
| What are the 4 levels of protein structure | Primary structure, Secondary structure, Tertiary structure, and quaternary structure |
| Primary structure | Linear sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide chain. |
| Secondary structure | Folding, sequence of amino acids can fold |
| Tertiary structure | 3d shape, due to the R group different part of the protein can act different ways (hydrophobic and hydrophilic) |
| Quaternary Structure | Protein consisting of more than one polypeptide chain |
| Nucleic acids function | store, transmit, and express genetic information |
| Nucleic acid monomers | Nucleotides |
| Nucleic acid polymers | polynucleotides |
| 2 types of polynucleotides | DNA and RNA |
| Nucleic acid structure | sugar, phosphate group, and nitrogenous base |
| DNA | Genetic material. Double helix structure |
| DNA nucleotides | Adenin (A), guanine (G), cytosine (C), and thymine (T) |
| In a DNA what nucleotides join together | Cytosin (C) and Guanine (G), and Adenin (A) and Thymine (T) |
| DNA structure | Double helix |
| RNA | Protein synthesis. Transports messages |
| RNA nucleotides | Adenin (A), guanine (G), cytosine (C), and uracil (U) |
| Differences between DNA and RNA | Use of uracil (U) and Thymine (T), the sugar in RNA has an additional OH group, RNA forms as a single strand. |
| In a RNA what nucleotides join together | Cytosin (C) and Guanine (G), and Adenin (A) and Uracil (U) |
| Which functional groups do all amino acids consist of | Amino groups and carboxyl group |
| AMU | Atomin mass units |
| Cis isomers | matching or functional groups on the same side |
| Trans isomers | matching or functional groups on the opposite side |
| Which functional group is most likely to be responsible for an organic compound behaving as a base? | Amino group- the nitrogen atom has a lone pair of electrons. It attract and bonds to free H+ |
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