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Week 6 History
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| The Articles of Confederation | Gave central government almost no power to tax or to enforce cooperation among the states. Madison and others wanted it scrapped entirely in favor of a whole new constitution. Under the Articles every state had equal representation. |
| Shay's Rebellion | Daniel Shays led farmer-veterans who blockaded courthouses to stop judges from issuing foreclosure orders. |
| The Shayites (Shays' rebels) | About 1,000 rebels were captured/arrested. Some rebels were put on trial for treason (betraying/rebelling against the government) and sentenced to death. However, most were pardoned |
| Virginia Plan | Favored by large states. Strong federal government with three branches (legislative, executive, judicial) Bicameral (two-room) legislature Representation based on each state's population |
| New Jersey Plan | Favored by small states. Kept a weaker, decentralized structure Unicameral (one-room) legislature Equal representation for every state regardless of population |
| The Great Compromise: House of Representatives (the lower house) | Seats assigned by each state's population- power for the large states. |
| The Great Compromise: The Senate (the upper house) | Equal representation- 2 senators per state, regardless of size or tax base. |
| The Great Compromise: | Two senators, bicameral congress balancing population and equality. |
| The Three-Fifths Compromise | Three-fifths of a state's enslaved population could be counted toward its representation in the House. For every 100 enslaved ppl, 60 were added to a state's representation count. Placated southern states. |
| The Electoral College | To elect the president and guard against a tyrannical executive. Goal: protect each state's sovereignty while giving the federal govnmt. enough strength to keep order/regulate commerce. Plan went to Congress in NY, required ratification in special state |
| Anti- Federalists (against the plan as sent) | Objected that the Constitution went to Congress with no national bill of rights. Feared a powerful central govnmt could usurp personal liberties. Warned it might grow tyrannical- like king of england |
| Federalists (for ratification) | Supported the Constitution, worried a listed bill of rights might endanger unlisted, future rights Won debate through newspapers, letters, sermons, pamphlets |
| Ratification & Bill of Rights | Massachusetts ratifies first, then Virginia, then the majority. Washington elected president with 69 electoral votes; John Adams becomes VP with 34. 10 amendments (BOR) added to guard against an overreaching govnmt. |
| Ten amendments.. who's rights? | Women gained no special provisions, voting stayed limited to white men who owned significant property, slavery was upheld and protected. |
| Hamilton's Financial Program | Believed self-interest drove people to accumulate property- with govnt protecting property for public good. Championed equality of opportunity, NOT outcome. Link federal power to economic vitality |
| Hamilton's Vision: a national bank | Central bank of the US to hold federal funds, issue banknotes backed by gold and silver, and curb inflation. |
| Hamilton's Vision: assume state debts | Federal govnmt would take over the states' Revolutionary war debts, swapping state bonds for federal notes of equal value. |
| The Bank and the Capital Compromise | Jefferson and Republicans opposed (got approval anyway) Congress granted a 20 year charter; stock sales & bonds raised over 70 mill for govnt. Southern states opposed debt assumption bc they paid most of war debts, while New England still owed heavily. |
| The Whiskey Rebellion | To fund bank's bonds, Hamilton task on whiskey split country along fault lines: East vs. West, merchants vs. farmers, cities vs. countryside. |
| Whiskey Rebellion result | Pennsylvanians tarred and feathered tax collectors, some 7,000 armed farmers attacked federal marshals/robbed mail. Washington became only president to lead 13,000 troops. |
| Land ordinances | Divided land west of the Appalachians into as many as 14 self-governing territories, surveyed into 36-square-mile townships selling for under a dollar an acre. |
| Northwest Ordinances | Organized the Northwest territory and banned slavery north of the Ohio river, though ppl already enslaved their remained in bondage. |
| A path to statehood | When a territory's population = the smallest existing state, it became eligible for statehood- as a co-equal state |
| A growing republic | US stretched to mississippi river and held abt 4 mill ppl, larger than any republic in Europe. |
| Geographic details of New Nation | 80% of US was engaged in some form of agricultural production. 750,000 African Americans (almost one-fifth of population, fewer than 10% lived outside South) 5,000 population of cities usually 150,000 Native Amer. lived East Mississippi "merciless" |
| Foreign policy of two parties (Britain and France) | Hamilton-friendly british trade Jefferson and Madison- favored france |
| Jay's treaty | won british withdrawl from frontier forts and named Britain America's most favored trade partner- outraging Republicans as an overreach. Result: Two distinct political parties |
| The French Revolution's Reign of Terror | soured many Americans on France as the body count mounted |
| Federalists and Republicans | Federalists- pro-british trade, strong central govnmt, social stability Republicans- pro-french, wary of central power, feared creeping monarchy |
| Crisis under John Adams (2nd president): The XYZ Affair | French agents demanded a bribe before talks; the insult ignited outrage and a wave of "Francophobia" across country. |
| Crisis under John Adams (2nd president): Alien and Sedition Acts | Let the govnt deport "aliens" and prosecute "false, scandalous" criticism- turned against republican printers and a congressman. |
| The Election of 1800 | Ended in a tie; after 36 ballots the House chose Thomas Jefferson over Aaron Burr. 12 amendment reformed presidential elections. |
| Marbury v. Madison | Chief Justice John Marshall established judicial review — the Court's power to strike down unconstitutional laws. |
| Big Idea: A fragile start | Debt, a weak central govnmt, and tension between state and national power made a stable govmt hard to build |
| Big Idea: A warning shot | Shays' Rebellion exposed the weakness of the Articles of Confederation |
| Big Idea: Compromise and Rights | The Virginia Plan, New Jersey Plan, and Great Compromise settled representation and federal authority, the Bill of Rights guarded individual liberties. |
| Big Idea: Money and Power | Hamilton's financial program strengthened the federal govnmt but deepened divisions |
| Big Idea: Already Divided | By the 1790s the US was split over politics, foreign policy, and rights. |
| Glossary: Bicameral | A two-house legislature ("two rooms"), as in the Virginia Plan |
| Glossary: Connecticut Compromise | The Great Compromise: a House by population and a Senate with equal state votes. |
| Glossary: Alexander Hamilton | Secretary of the Treasury who created the national bank and debt-assumption plan. |
| Glossary: Unicameral | A one-house legislature ("one-room"), as in the New Jersey Plan |
| Glossary: Three-Fifths Compromise | Counted 3 of every 5 enslaved people toward a state's House representation. |
| Glossary: Whiskey Tax | Hamilton's 1791 excise on whiskey that sparked the Whiskey Rebellion. |
| Glossary: Virginia Plan | Madison's plan: strong federal govnmt, three branches, representation by population |
| Glossary: Shays' Rebellion | Uprising of Massachusetts farmers that exposed the Articles' weakness. |
| Glossary: Northwest Ordinance | 1787 law admitting co-equal states and banning slavery north of the Ohio river. |
Created by:
Brookelol