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BIO198 Module 2
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Structural Proteins | build structurs Ex. Keratin, collagen, components of cytoskeletons and muscle |
| Signal Proteins | Carry messages between cells |
| Motor Proteins | Carry Materials |
| Immune proteins | protect organisms from infectious agents |
| Transport proteins | facilitate movement of molecules and ions |
| Enzymes | catalyze (speed up) chemical reactions in organisms |
| What are the monomers that make up protein polymers? | Amino acids are the monomers that make up proteins (polymers). Each amino acid has the same fundamental structure, consisting of a central carbon atom that forms four covalent bonds |
| What determines the sequence of amino acids in a particular protein? | genomes (genetic material) |
| Primary Structure | Linear sequence - covalent bonds |
| Secondary structure | folding into alpha helices - hydrogen bonds |
| Tertiary structure | 3D shape - hydrogen and ionic bonds |
| What is a binding site and why is it important for protein function? | Locations on a protein that can bind specifically to a particular molecule (called ligand) |
| What is protein denaturation? | The loss of a protein's 3D structure |
| What conditions can cause denaturation of a protein? | Changes in pH, extreme changes in salt concentration, high temperature |
| What type of bonds are broken when a protein is denatured? | Hydrogen and ionic bonds, secondary and tertiary levels affected |
| What effect does an enzyme have on chemical reactions? | How fast chemical reactions happen to create energy -> enzymes speed up reaction rate |
| Which two types of biological molecules can function as ezymes? | Proteins and RNA |
| Active site | The region of the enzyme where it binds substrate |
| Substrate | The reactant |
| Activation energy | The amount of energy required for reactants to reach transition state |
| Describe how an enzyme works to catalyze a reaction | The substrate binds to the enzyme's active site, forming an enzyme-substrate complex. The enzyme lowers the activation energy, allowing the reaction to occur more quickly. |
| Why is it important to maintain homeostasis? | Because many chemical reactions occur inside cells can deplete or generate H+ ions |
| As pH increases H+ does what | decreases! |
| As pH decreases H+ does what? | increases! |
| What do buffers do | They keep pH within a necessary range |
| What happens when H+ ions are added to blood | absorbed by bicarbonate then leads to C02 that can be exhaled |
| What are some of the different forms of energy | Kinetic energy - energy of movement Potential energy - stored energy in objects that aren't moving |
| First law of thermodynamics | States that the amount of energy in the universe is constant. It can be changed to different forms but it cannot be created nor destroyed. |
| How does this relate to the cellular processes? | Photosynthesis, chemical reaction of glucose, need energy in cells to do cellular work, cellular respiration |
| Which form of energy can be used to do cellular work? | potential energy specifically ATP |
| Second law of Thermodynamics | Everytime energy changes form one state to another some portion of it is lost as heat |
| How does this effect cells | Heat (thermal energy) cannot be used to do cellular work, so anything that is converted into heat is lost from a living organism |
| Cell metabolism | to aquire energy, break food down, to synthesize molecules and cell structures, power movement and more. All chemical reactions in a cell or organism is its metabolism |
| Endergonic reaction | Cannot occur on their own, require an input of energy, like condensation, biosynthetic reactions, active membrane transport, movement of motor proteins |
| exergonic reaction | release energy becuase there is more usable energy in their usable state (reactants) than their products, Can happen spontaneously without an input. |
| Where in ATP is energy stored | High energy bonds |
| What exergonic reaction releases usable energy stored in ATP? | Hydrolysis, the output is energy and there is no input needed |
| 3 classes of work ATP is used for | Mechanical - contracting muscles, movement of organelles, Transport - transport molecules across membranes, calcium, sodium, potassium, Chemical - endergonic reactants - synthesis of proteins |
| Diffusion | The spontaneous movement of a material from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration |
| Concentration gradient | When areas of high concentration and low concentration are present simultaneously - are a form of potential energy |
| Is movement of molecules down their concentration gradient exergonic or endergonic? | exergonic |
| ATP is made up of three components (adenosine triphosphate) | a nitrogenous base (adenine), a five-carbon sugar (ribose), and a chain of three phosphate groups. |
| Selectively permeacble | Cells block the movement of some substances while allowing others to pass through |
| Which important molecules can diffuse easily | Carbon dioxide and oxygen because they are small |
| Osmosis | The diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane |
| Hypertonic solution | a solution has a higher concentration of solutes (lower concentration of water) |
| Hypotonic solution | a solution has a lower concentration of solutes (higher concentration of water) |
| Isotonic solution | when two solutions have same concentration of solutes |
| why is diffusion important | Diffusion is important biologically. Materials move within the cell’s cytoplasm, and within eukaryotic organelles, by diffusion. A few small molecules can even diffuse across cell membranes, moving in or out of cells and their organelles. |
| what conditions affect diffusion | Molecules can move when temp is above 0 degrees C, when the diff in concentration is higher diffusion is faster, mass of molecules ->heavier molecules move slower, high temp increases energy |
| During osmosis what can cross the cell membrane | Water can but solutes cannot |
| What molecules can diffuse across cell membrane without aid of transport protein | Oxygen, carbon dioxide, and steroid hormones |
| Larger molecules that need transport proteins are | animo acids, nucleotides, monosacchride (like glucose) |
| Ions that also need transport protein | H+ Na+ Cl- K+ and PO43- |
| Simple vs facilitated diffusion | simple moves molecules directly through cell membrane without help while facilitated need proteins, both are a form of passive transport (move from high concentration to low concentration and do not require ATP) |
| Active transport | Moves molecules and ions up the gradient (lower to higher concentration) and requires energy and special carrier proteins. (moving water up a hill) |
| Photosynthesis equation | Solar energy + CO2 +H2O -> glucose + O2 |
| Aerobic Respiration | O2 + glucose -> H2O + CO2 + ATP |
| Two stages of photosynthesis | The light-dependent reaction - chemical energy stored in ATP and NADPH and Calvin cycle - uses energy to produce carbohydrates |
| What two molecules carry energy from stage 1 to stage 2 | ATP and NADPH |
| Where does photosynthesis occur in plants | chloroplast. |
| Stroma | the fluid space within the chloroplast and the location of the calvin cycle |
| Thylakoid | the location of light dependent reactions |
| Redox reaction | Electrons are transferred between atoms or molecules |
| Oxidation | The loss of an electron or electrons LEO-> Loss of electron = oxidation |
| Reduction | Gain of electrons GER -> Gain of electrons = reduction |
| NADPH is an electron carrier what does that mean | cells need carriers to shuttle electrons between different sets of redox reactions |
| NADPH and NADP+ | NADPH (high energy) brings calvin -> light dependent then is oxidized into NADP+ (low energy) light dependent -> calvin |
| Purpose of light dependent | capture sunlight and turn it into energy |
| Inputs for light dependent | Light energy, H2O, ADP and NADP+ |
| What are outputs | O2, NADPH, and ATP |
| Primary pigments used by green plants to absorb light energy | Chlorophyll A and chlorophyll b |
| What wavelength colors do they absorb | Violet, indigo, blue, and red |
| light dependent provides energy for what chemical reaction | redox reaction specifically oxidation |
| what three products are released when H2O is split | 2H+ ions, 1O atom and 2 electrons |
| Electron transport chain | A series of proteins that are sequentially reduced and then oxidized as the electrons travel along the chain maximizing the amount of energy created and reducing the energy lost |
| What type of transport can create a concentration gradient | Active transport |
| ATP equation | ADP + phosphate = ATP |
| how does it get the necesary energy | Potential energy in the H+ gradient |
| What two molecules generated during light dependent are used in calvin cycle | ATP and NADPH |
| What other input is needed in calvin cycle | CO2 |
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