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HAN 202 Blood
Circulatory System
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| functions of blood | transportation, protection, regulation |
| blood transports ... | )2 and nutrients to body cells, metabolic wastes to lungs and kidneys, hormones from endocrine organs to target organs |
| blood protects against ... | blood loss, infection |
| blood regulates ... | body temp, pH, fluid volume |
| blood fractionation | separation of blood into basic components |
| blood makeup | 45% formed elemnts (cells), 55% plasma (extracellular matrix) |
| erythrocytes | red blood cells |
| leukocytes | white blood cells |
| platelets | fragments of certain bone marrow cells |
| plasma | mixture of water (90%), proteins, nutrients, electrolytes, nitrogenous wastes, hormones, gases |
| plasma proteins | albumin, globulins, fibrinogen |
| albumin | smallest but most abundant, contributes to viscosity and osmotic pressure, helps with solute transfer, buffers pH |
| globulins | alpha, beta, and gamma, helps with solute transport, clotting, immunity |
| fibrinogen | precursor of fibrin |
| viscosity | resistance of a fluid to flow, results from cohesion of particles, impacts how blood flows through vessels |
| osmolarity | total concentration of solute particles, achieved by body's regulation of sodium ions, proteins, RBCs |
| colloid osmotic pressure | protein contribution on blood osmotic pressure |
| hematapoiesis | production of blood cells |
| hematopoietic tissue | produces blood cells, found in bone marrow |
| red blood cells | respiratory gas transport, pH balance, determines blood typeno organelles/nucleus, biconcave, cytoplasm is 1/3 hemoglobin |
| hemoglobin | 4 protein globin chains each with heme group, ferrous ion at center, binds with O2 for transport |
| erythropoiesis | rbc production, begins when hematopoietic stem cell becomes erythrocyte (HSC to CFu to precursor cells to rbcs) |
| erythropoietin | increases production of rbcs, releaed by kidney, stimulates colony forming unit |
| negative feedback cycle for ... | maintaining rbc count (low rbc, kidney increase epo, rbc increase) |
| rbc death | machrophages separate heme from globin, proteins detriorate, cells rupture within spleen and liver |
| polycthemia | excess of rbc, can be due to bone marrow cancer, dehydration, emphysema, altitude |
| anemia | deficiency of rbc of hemoglobin, can lead to tissue hypoxia, low osmolarity and viscosity, low blood pressure, from losing rbcs, destroying rbcs, or not making rbcs |
| antigens | molecules on cell membrane surface used to distinguish self from nonself |
| antibodies | proteins that bind to antigens and mark them for destruction |
| hemolytic disease of the newborn | Rh- mom with 2nd Rh+ baby, she now has anti-D antibodies, needs medication while pregnant so not to harm baby |
| white blood cells | protect agianst infection and disease, transiently in bloodstream, has nucleus, granulocyte or agranulocyte |
| granulocyte | neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils |
| neutrophils | 60-70% of wbcs, multip lobed nucleus, anti-bacterial, phagocytic |
| eosinophils | 2-4% of wbcs, bilobed nucleus, phagocytic, allergies, destroys parasites with enzymes |
| basophils | 0.5% of wbcs, s or u shaped nucleus, secretes histamine and heparin |
| agranulocytes | lymphocytes and monocytes |
| lymphocytes | 25-3% of wbcs, in lymph tissue, large round nucleus, long term immunity, T and B cells |
| monocytes | 3-8% of wbcs, largest of wbcs, kidney shaped nucleus, phagocytic |
| leukopoiesis | wbc production |
| leukopenia | low wbc count, caused by radiation, poison, drugs, infections |
| leukocytosis | high wbc count, caused by infection, allergy, disease |
| differential wbc count | identifies what percentage of total wbc count is each type of leukocyte |
| leukemia | cancer of hematopoietic tissue, caused by high circulating nonfunctyional wbcs |
| platelets function | secrete vasoconstrictors, form platelet plugs, initiate clot dissolving enzymes, attract neutrophils and monocytes to sites of inflammation, phagocytic, secrete growth factors |
| platelet structure | small pieces of megaaryocytes from bone marrow, no nucleus, granules filled with secretions, open canalicular system |
| thrombopoiesis | production of platelets, HSC becomes megakaryoblast |
| hemostasis | cessation of bleeding, vascular spasm, platelt plug formation, coagulation |
| vasular spasm | constriction of broken blod vessel, triggers nociceptors, positive feedback from inflammatory chemicals |
| platelet plug formation | platelet pseudopods stick to damaged vessel and other platelets, undergo degranulation |
| coagulation | transforms blood from liquid into gel, 3 phases (formation of prothrombin, prothrombin to thromvin, fibrinogen to fibrin mesh) |
| formation of prothrombin activator | intrinsic, extrinsic, or common, cascades to factor 10 |
| prothrombin to thrombin | enzyme prothrombin activator converts prothrombin to thrombin |
| fibrinogen to fibrin mesh | thrombin converts fibrinogen into fibrin monomers, bind to form fibrin polymer, strands crosslink into fibrin mesh |
| clot retraction | platelet pseudopods adhere to fibrin strands and contract, clots become compact |
| clot repair | platelet derived growth factor, secreted by platelets and endothelial cells, stimulates fibroblasts and smooth muscle cell mitosis |
| fibrinolysis | dissolutoin of a clot, plasminogen to fibrin dissolving plasminogen |
Created by:
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