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chapter 2 vocab (a&p
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Matter | Anything that takes up space and has mass |
| protons | positive subatomic particle, located in the nucleus and having a weight of about one atomic mass unit |
| neutron | neutral subatomic particle, located in the nucleus and weighs about 1 atomic mass unit |
| electron | negative subatomic particle, moving about in energy level around the nucleus of an atom |
| electron shell | average location, or energy level, of an electron in an atom |
| atomic number | number if protons within the nucleus of an atom |
| mass number | the sum of the number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus of an atom |
| atomic mass | mass of an atom equal to the number of protons plus the number of neutrons within the nucleus |
| radioisotope | unstable form of an atom that spontaneously emits radiation in the form of radioactive particles or radiant energy |
| isotopes | atoms with the same atomic number but a different number of neutrons |
| molecule | union of 2 or more atoms of the same element also, the smallest part of a compound that retains the properties of the compound |
| compound | substance having 2 or more different elements united chemically in a fixed ratio |
| valence shell | the outermost energy shell of an atom the location of electrons that participate in chemical reactions |
| ions | charged particle that carries a negative of positive charge |
| ionic bond | chemical bond in which ions are ATTRACTED to ONE ANOTHER by opposite charges |
| covalent bond | chemical bond in which atoms share one pair of electrons |
| polar | combination of atoms in which the electrical charge is not distributed symmetrically |
| hydrogen bond | weak bond that arises between a slightly positive hydrogen atom of one molecule and a slightly negative atom of another or between parts of the same molecule |
| calorie | amount of heat energy required to raise the temperature of 1g of water to 1 degree celcius |
| hydrophilic | type of molecule that interacts with water by DISSOLVING in water and or forming hydrogen bonds with water molecules |
| hydrophobic | type of molecule that does not interact with water because its nonpolar |
| nonpolar | molecules in which the electrons are evenly shared between the atoms in the molecules |
| cohesion | the ability of water molecules to bind to each other due to the abundance of hydrogen bonds between water molecules |
| adhesion | the ability of water molecules to adhere to polar surfaces due to hydrogen bonding |
| mole | a unit of scientific measurement for atoms, ions, and molecules |
| acids | molecules that RAISE the hydrogen ion concentration in a solution and LOWER its pH |
| bases | molecule that LOWERS the hydrogen ion concentration in a solution and RAISES the pH numerically |
| pH scale | measurement scale for hydrogen ion concentration; logarithmic scale |
| buffers | substance or group of substance that tend to resists pH changes of a solution, thus stabilizing its relative acidity and basicity |
| organic molecules | type of molecule that contains carbon and hydrogen- and often contains oxygen also |
| macromolecules | extremely large biological molecule; refers specifically to proteins, nucleic acids, polysaccharids, lipids, and complex of these |
| dehydration reaction | chemical reaction resulting in a covalent bond with the accompanying loss of a water molecule |
| carbohydrates | class of organic compounds that includes monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides |
| monosaccharides | simple sugar; a carbohydrate that cannot be decomposed by hydrolysis (glucose) |
| glucose | six carbon sugar that organisms degrade as a source of energy during cellular respiration |
| disaccharide | sugar that contains two units of a monosaccharides |
| polysaccharides | polymer made from sugar monomers; the polysaccharides starch and glycogen are polymers of glucose monomers |
| starch | storage polysaccharide found in plants; composed of glucose molecules joined in a linear fashion with a few side chains |
| glycogen | storage polysaccharide composed of glucose molecules joined in a linear fashion but having numerous branches |
| cellulose | polysaccharide that is the major complex carbohydrate in plant cell walls |
| lipids | class of organic compounds that tend to be soluble only in non-polar solvents such as alcohol; includes fats and oils |
| fat | organic molecule that contains glycerol and fatty acids; found in adipose tissue |
| oils | substance, usually of plant origin and liquid at room temperature, formed when a glycerol molecule reacts with three fatty acid molecules |
| emulsification | BREAKING UP of fat globules into smaller droplets by the action of bile salts or any other emulsification |
| saturated fatty acid | fatt acid molecule that LACKS DOUBLE BONDS between the atoms of its carbon chain |
| unsaturated fatty acids | fatty acid molecule that has ONE OR MORE DOUBLE BONDS between the atoms of its carbon chain |
| trans fat | fats, which occur naturally in meat and dairy products of ruminants, that are also industrially created through partial hydrogenation of plant oils and animal fats |
| phospholipids | lipid molecule that forms the bilayer of the cells membranes; has polar, hydrophilic head bonded to two non-polar, hydrophobic tails |
| steriod | type of lipid molecule having a complex of 4 carbon rings ex: testosterone |
| proteins | molecule consisting of one or more polypeptides |
| amino acids | organic molecule having an amino group and an acid group which covalently bonds to produce peptide molecules |
| peptide bond | type of covalent bond that joins 2 amino acids |
| polypeptide | polymer of 3 or more amino acids linked by peptide bonds |
| denaturation | loss of normal shape by an enzyme so it no longer functions; caused by a less than- optimal pH or temperature |
| nucleic acids | polymer of nucleotides: DNA and RNA are both examples |
| nucleotide | monomer of DNA and RNA consisting if a 5-carbon sugar bonded to a nitrogen-containing base and a phosphate group |
| DNA | nucleic acid polymer produced from covalent bonding of nucleotide monomers that contain the sugar DEOXYRIBOSOME; the genetic material of nearly all organisms |
| RNA | nucleic acid produced from covalent bonding of nucleotide monomers that contain the sugar RIBOSOME; messenger RNA, ribosomal RNA and transfer RNA |
| coenzymes | nonprotein organic molecules to help regulate enzymatic reactions |
| ATP | nucleotide with 3 phosphate groups. The breakdown makes energy available for energy requiring processes in cells. |
| ADP | nucleotide with 2 phosphate groups that can accept another phosphate group and become ATP |
Created by:
KEOgden