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psyc test 3
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| General Adaptation Syndrome | The body's three‑stage response to stress: alarm resistance exhaustion |
| Alarm Stage | The sympathetic nervous system activates fight or flight |
| Fight Response | Actively confronting the stressor |
| Flight Response | Avoiding or withdrawing from the stressor |
| Resistance Stage | The body attempts to cope with the stressor |
| Exhaustion Stage | Body’s resources are depleted leading to burnout |
| Adrenaline | Epinephrine that increases arousal during stress |
| Cortisol | Stress hormone that increases blood sugar and suppresses the immune system |
| Perception of Control | Feeling control over a situation reduces stress |
| Lack of Control | Increases frustration and physiological arousal |
| Poverty and Stress | Poverty increases chronic stress and mental health risk |
| Approach‑Approach Conflict | Choosing between two desirable options |
| Avoidance‑Avoidance Conflict | Choosing between two undesirable options |
| Approach‑Avoidance Conflict | One option has both positive and negative aspects |
| Double Approach‑Avoidance Conflict | Multiple options each with pros and cons |
| Paradox of Choice | More choices increase stress and decrease satisfaction |
| Sensation | The process by which sensory receptors receive and transmit information |
| Perception | Organizing and interpreting sensory information |
| Bottom‑Up Processing | Processing that begins with sensory receptors |
| Top‑Down Processing | Processing guided by experience and expectations |
| Selective Attention | Focusing conscious awareness on a particular stimulus |
| Cocktail Party Effect | Ability to focus on one voice among many |
| Inattentional Blindness | Failing to see visible objects when attention is elsewhere |
| Change Blindness | Failing to notice changes in the environment |
| Transduction | Converting sensory input into neural signals |
| Absolute Threshold | Minimum stimulation needed to detect a stimulus |
| Signal Detection Theory | Predicts when we detect faint stimuli amid background noise |
| Subliminal Messages | Stimuli below the absolute threshold |
| Difference Threshold | Minimum difference between two stimuli detectable 50% of the time |
| Weber’s Law | Differences must be proportional to the original stimulus |
| Sensory Adaptation | Reduced sensitivity due to constant stimulation |
| Stroop Effect | Interference between automatic and controlled processing |
| Vision Energy | Light waves entering the eye |
| Wavelength | Determines hue (color) |
| Amplitude | Determines intensity (brightness) |
| Cornea | Protective transparent outer layer of the eye |
| Pupil | Adjustable opening that controls light entering the eye |
| Iris | Colored muscle that adjusts pupil size |
| Lens | Focuses light onto the retina through accommodation |
| Accommodation | Lens changes shape to focus near or far objects |
| Retina | Light‑sensitive inner surface of the eye |
| Acuity | Sharpness of vision |
| Cones | Retinal receptors for color and fine detail |
| Rods | Retinal receptors for dim light and black‑and‑white vision |
| Fovea | Central focus point where cones cluster |
| Optic Nerve | Carries neural impulses to the brain |
| Blind Spot | Point where optic nerve leaves the eye |
| Feature Detectors | Neurons that respond to specific visual features |
| Parallel Processing | Processing many aspects of a stimulus simultaneously |
| Trichromatic Theory | Three color receptors: red green blue |
| Opponent Process Theory | Color vision based on opposing pairs: red‑green blue‑yellow black‑white |
| Color Constancy | Perceiving objects as having consistent color despite lighting changes |
| Audition | The sense of hearing |
| Frequency | Determines pitch |
| Pitch | Highness or lowness of sound |
| Decibels | Measurement of sound intensity |
| Outer Ear | Includes auditory canal and eardrum |
| Middle Ear | Contains hammer anvil stirrup |
| Conductive Hearing Loss | Damage to outer or middle ear structures |
| Inner Ear | Contains cochlea and hair cells |
| Sensorineural Hearing Loss | Damage to cochlear hair cells from loud noise |
| Place Theory | Pitch depends on where the cochlea is stimulated |
| Frequency Theory | Pitch depends on the rate of neural impulses |
| Semicircular Canals | Fluid‑filled structures for balance |
| Vestibular Sense | Sense of body movement and balance |
| Sound Localization | Determining sound direction using both ears |
| Gestalt Psychology | Organizing sensations into meaningful wholes |
| Visual Capture | Vision dominates other senses |
| Figure‑Ground | Objects stand out from background |
| Proximity | Grouping nearby figures |
| Similarity | Grouping similar figures |
| Continuity | Seeing smooth continuous patterns |
| Closure | Filling in gaps to create whole objects |
| Connectedness | Seeing connected items as one unit |
| Depth Perception | Ability to see in three dimensions |
| Visual Cliff | Infants show depth perception once mobile |
| Retinal Disparity | Difference between images in each eye gives depth |
| Convergence | Eye muscles move inward for close objects |
| Relative Size | Smaller image appears farther away |
| Interposition | One object blocking another appears closer |
| Relative Clarity | Clearer objects appear closer |
| Texture Gradient | Closer objects have more detailed texture |
| Relative Height | Objects higher in the visual field appear farther |
| Linear Perspective | Parallel lines appear to converge with distance |
| Perceptual Constancy | Objects remain constant despite changes in viewpoint |
| Motion Parallax | Closer objects move faster across the retina |
| Phi Phenomenon | Illusion of movement from rapid light flashes |
| Touch | Pressure warmth cold and pain |
| Pain | Body’s warning system signaling something is wrong |
| Gate Control Theory | Spinal cord contains a gate that controls pain signals |
| Taste | Four basic tastes: sweet sour salty bitter |
| Sensory Interaction | One sense influences another (taste + smell) |
| Synesthesia | One sense triggers another (e.g. |
| Olfaction | The sense of smell |
| Olfaction Memory | Smell strongly linked to memory |
| Pheromones | Chemical signals used by animals |
| Kinesthesis | Sense of body movement and position |
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