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A&P Ch.2
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Matter | Anything that takes up space and has mass |
| Element | Substance that cannot be broken down into substances with different properties; composed of only one type of atom |
| Atom | Smallest particle of an element that displays the properties of the element |
| Protons | Positive subatomic particle, located in the nucleus and having a weight of approximately one atomic mass unit |
| Neutrons | Neutral subatomic particle, located in the nucleus and having a weight of approximately one atomic mass unit |
| Electrons | Negative subatomic particle, moving about in an energy level around the nucleus of an atom |
| Electron shell | Average location, or energy level, of an electron in an atom |
| Atomic number | Number of protons within the nucleus of an atom |
| Mass number | The sum of the number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus of an atom |
| Atomic mass | Mass of an atom equal to the number of protons plus the number of neutrons within the nucleus |
| Isotopes | Atoms with the same atomic number, but a different atomic mass due to different number of neutrons |
| Radioisotope | Unstable form of an atom that spontaneously emits radiation in the form of radioactive particles or radiant energy |
| Molecule | Union of two or more atoms of the same element; also the smallest particle of a compound that retains the properties of the compound |
| Compound | Substance having two or more different element elements united chemically in a fixed ratio |
| Valence shell | The outermost energy shell of an atom; the location of electrons that participate in chemical reactions |
| Ions | Charged particle that carries a negative or positive charge |
| Ionic bond | Chemical bond in which ions are attracted to one another by opposite charges |
| Covalent bonds | Chemical bond in which atoms share one pair of electrons |
| Hydrogen bond | Weak bond that arises between a slightly positive hydrogen atom of one molecule and a slightly negative atom of another, or between parts of the same molecule |
| Polar | Combination of atoms in which the electrical charge is not disturbed symmetrically |
| Calorie | Amount of heat energy required to raise the temperature of 1 g of 1°C |
| Hydrophilic | Type of molecule that interacts with water by dissolving in water and/or forming hydrogen bonds with water molecules |
| Hydrophobic | Type of molecule that does not interact with water because it is nonpolar |
| Non-polar | Molecules in which the electrons are evenly shared between the atoms in the molecule |
| Cohesion | The ability of water molecules to bond to each other due to the abundance of hydrogen bonds between water molecules |
| Adhesion | The ability of water molecules to adhere to polar surfaces due to hydrogen bonding |
| Mole | A unit of scientific measurement for atoms, ions, and molecules |
| Acids | Molecules that raise the hydrogen ion concentration in a solution and lower its pH numerically |
| Bases | Molecule that lowers the hydrogen ion concentration in a solution and raises the pH numerically |
| pH scale | Measurement scale for hydrogen ion concentration; logarithmic scale |
| Buffers | Substance or group of substances that tend to resist pH changes of a solution, thus stabilizing its relative acidity and basicity |
| Organic molecules | Type of molecule that contains carbon and hydrogen - and often contains oxygen also |
| Macromolecule | Extremely large biological molecule; refers specifically to proteins, nucleic, acids, polysaccharides, lipids, and complexes of these |
| Dehydration reaction | Chemical reaction resulting in a covalent bond with the accompanying loss of a water molecule |
| Hydrolysis reaction | Splitting of a compound by the addition of water, with the H+ being incorporated in one fragment and the OH+ in the other |
| Carbohydrates | Class of organic compounds that include includes monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides |
| Monosaccharides | Simple sugar; a carbohydrate that cannot be decomposed by hydrolysis (e.g., glucose) |
| Glucose | Six - carbon sugar that organisms degrade as a source of energy during cellular respiration |
| Disaccharide | Sugar that contains two units of a monosaccharide (e.g., Maltese) |
| Polysaccharides | Polymer made from sugar monomers; the polysaccharides starch and glycogen are polymers of glucose monomer |
| Starch | Storage polysaccharide found in plants; composed of glucose molecules joined in a linear fashion with few side chains |
| Glycogen | Storage polysaccharide composed of glucose molecules, joined in a linear fashion, but having numerous branches |
| Lipids | Class of a organic compounds that tend to be soluble only in nonpolar solvents such as alcohol; includes fats and oils |
| Triglycerides | Neutral fat, composed of glycerol, and three fatty acids; also known as fats and lipids |
| Fats | Organic molecule that contains glycerol and fatty acids, found in adipose tissue |
| Cellulose | Polysaccharide commonly called fiber |
| Oils | Substance, usually of plant origin and liquid at room temperature, formed when a glycerol molecule reacts with three fatty acid molecules |
| Emulsification | Breaking up a fat globules into smaller, droplets by the action of bile salts or any other emulsifier |
| Fatty acid | Molecule that contains a hydrocarbon chain and ends with an acid group |
| Saturated fatty acids | Fatty acid molecule that lacks double bonds between the atoms of its carbon chain |
| Unsaturated fatty acids | Fatty acid molecule that has one or more double bonds between the atoms of its carbon chain |
| Trans fats | Fats, which occurred naturally in meat and dairy products of ruminants |
| Phospholipids | Polymer made from sugar monomers; the polysaccharide starch and glycogen are polymers of glucose monomers |
| Steroids | Type of lipid molecule having a complex of four carbon rings; examples are cholesterol, progesterone and testosterone |
| Proteins | Molecule consisting of one or more polypeptides |
| Amino acids | Organic molecule having an amino group and an acid group, which covalently bonds to produce peptide molecules |
| Peptide bonds | Type of covalent bond that joins two amino acidsn |
| Polypeptide | Polymer of three or more amino acids linked by peptide bonds |
| Denaturation | Loss of normal shape by an enzyme so that it no longer functions; caused by a less than optimal pH or temperature |
| Nucleic acids | Polymer of nucleotides; DNA and RNA are both examples |
| Nucleotide | Monomer of DNA and RNA, consisting of a 5-carbon sugar bonded to a nitrogen-containing base and a phosphate group. |
| DNA(deoxyribonucleic acid) | Nucleic acid polymer produced from covalent bonding of nucleotide monomers that contain the sugar deoxyribose; the genetic material of nearly all organisms. |
| RNA(ribonucleic acid) | Nucleic acid produced from covalent bonding of nucleotide monomer that contain the sugar ribose; it's three major forms are messenger, RNA, ribosomal RNA and transfer RNA |
| Co-enzymes | Non-protein, organic molecule that aids the action of the enzyme to which it is loosely bound |
| ATP (adenosine triphosphate) | Nucleotide with three phosphate groups, the breakdown of ATP into ADP + Pi makes energy available for energy, requiring processes and cells |
| Adenine | One of four nitrogen bases in nucleotides composing the structure of DNA and RNA |
| Thymine | One of four nitrogen containing bases in nucleotides composing the structure of DNA; pairs with adenine |
| Guanine | One of four nitrogen containing bases in nucleotides composing the structure of DNA and RNA; pairs with cytosine |
| Cytosine | One of four nitrogen containing bases in nucleotides composing the structure of DNA and RNA |
| Uracil | The base in RNA that replaces thymine found in DNA; pairs with adenine |
| Complementary base pairing | Hydrogen bonding between particular basis. In DNA, thymine pairs with adenine, and guanine pairs with cytosine. In RNA, uracil pairs with A, and G pairs with C |
| ADP(adenosine diphosphate) | Nucleotide with two phosphate groups that can accept another phosphate group and become ATP |
Created by:
kaystacy