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HAN 202 Digestive
Digestive System
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| ingestion | intake |
| propulsion | swallowing, peristalsis |
| digestion | chemical and mechanical breakdown into a usable form |
| absorption | uptake of nutrients |
| compaction | absorbng water and consolidating ingestible residue |
| defecation | elimination of feces |
| mechanical digestion | physical breakdown of food, chewing with teeth, churning in smonach and small intestines, exposes food to digestive enzymes |
| chemical digestion | serious of hydrolysis reactions, breaks down macromolecules into monomers, carried out by digestive enzymes |
| gastrointestinal tract | stomach and intestines |
| lesser omentum | double layer of peritoneum (abdominal wall) connecting lesser curvature of stomach to abdominal wall |
| greater omentum | double layer of peritoneum (abdominal wall) hanging down from the stomach over the small intestine |
| mucosa | innermost layer of alimentary canal, stratified squamous epithelium, laminate propria, some muscles |
| lamina propria | thin layer of loose connective tissue that lies directly beneath epithelium |
| submucosa | above mucosa, layer of connective tissue, houses vessels, nerves, and lymphatics |
| muscular externa | above submucosa, 2 layers of smooth muscle (circular and longitudinal), aids in segmentation and peristalsis |
| serosa | outermost later of alimentary canal, anchors to surrounding tissu |
| enteric plexus | nervous network within digestive tract, regulates mobility, secretion, blood flow, includes submucosal plexus and myenteric plexus |
| myenteric reflexes | short, strech or chemical stimulation |
| vasovagal reflexes | long, parasympathetic stimulation |
| mastication | chewing |
| deglutition | swallowing |
| dentition | teeth, 32 |
| papillae | tiny bumps on tongue surface, friction, licking, taste buds, secretes lingual lipase |
| intrinsic salivary glands | keep mouth moist (lingual, labial, palatine, buccal) |
| extrinsic salivary glands | produce majority of saliva (parotid, submandibular, sublingual) |
| functions of saliva | moistens mouth, cleans teeth, dissolves molecules so they can stimulate the taste buds, contains chemicals that protect against microorganisms, contains enzymes that begin chemical digestion, binds food into a bolus |
| pharynx | intersection of digestive and respiratory tracts, include oro and laryngo (naso doesn't aid in digestion |
| esophagus | runs from laryngopharynx to stomach, bolus travels through esophagus via peristalsis |
| lower esophageal sphincter | one way valve of smooth muscle at bottom of esophagus to prevent stomach acid from coming up the esophagus |
| oral/buccal phase of deglutition | voluntary tongue contraction, forces bolus itno oropharynx |
| pharyngeal phase of deglutition | involuntary, blocks off all routes except down in esophagus |
| esophogeal phase of deglutition | involuntary peristalsis |
| stomach | located in left upper quadrant, functions for food storage, mechanical digestion, beginnings of chemical digestion, results in chyme |
| celiac trunk | branches to deliver blood to abdominal organs |
| stomach muscularis externa | outer longitudinal, middle circular, inner oblique |
| gastric rugae | ridges inside stomach, can expand for more area inside |
| gastric pits | inside lumen of stomach, lined with specialized cells leading to tubular glands at bottom, glands responsible for gastric juice production |
| types of tubular glands | cardiac, pyloric, gastric |
| mucous cells | secrete mucous, predominately in cardiac and pyloric glands, concentrated in the neck of gastric glands |
| parietal cells | secrete intrinsic factor, ghrelin, HCI |
| intrinsic factor | required for absorption of V B12 in small intestine |
| ghrelin | gunger hormone |
| HCI | portion of gastric juice, denatures proteins, activates pepsin, kills bacteria |
| chief cells | secrete pepsinogen, gastic lipase, dominate lower half of gastric glands, absent in pyloric and cardiac glands |
| G cells | aka enteroendocrine cells, secrete chemical messengers paracrines and hormones |
| celiac phase | stimuli from inside or outside GI tract (ex. sight, smell, taste, thought of food), involves CNS centers, stimulates gastric secretion |
| gastric phase | mediated iinside GI tarct by local stimuli from ingested food, stretches the stomach, increases gastric juice pH |
| intestinal phase | intestines control rate of gastric emptying, duodenum reacting to chyme arrival |
| emesis | vomiting |
| vomiting | protective reflex, triggered by overstretching of stomach, chemical irritants, intense pain, etc, diaphragm and abdominal muscles contract |
| liver | right upper quadrant, largest gland in body, secretes bile, stores glycogen and vitamins, detox ammonia |
| bile | yellow-green fluid secreted by the liver, decilitates fate and cholesterol absorption contaisn bile acids and bile pigments |
| bile acids | cholesterol derivative that assists in fat emulsification and absorption |
| bile pigments | bilirubin in the main pigment, recycled from hemoglobin decomposition |
| gallbladder | posterior to liver, stores bile, concentrates bile, releases bile into common bile duct |
| pancreas endocrine | secretes insuline and glucagon |
| pancreas exocrine | secretes pancreatic juice, consisting of enzymes for digestion and bicarbonate ions |
| pancreatic juice | alkaine solution, micture of water, electrolytes, enzymes and zymogens |
| acetylcholine (ACh) | from vagus and enteric nerves during cepahic and gastric phases, initiates enzyme production, weak contractions of gallbladder |
| cholecystokinin (CCK) | secreted by mucosa of duodenum in response to chume entering small intestine, stimulates gallbladder contraction, stimulates secretion of pancreatic juices |
| secretin | released by duodenum in response to acidic chyme arriving from the stomach, raises pH |
| duodenum | first section of small intestine, begins and pyloric valve and ends at duodenojejunal flexure, recieves pancratic juice, chyme, bile, neutralizes stomach acid |
| jejunum | middle section of small intestine, closely spaces circular folds, rich blood supply, most digestion and nutrient absorption occurs here |
| ileum | last section of small intestine, longest, thinner, vitamin absorption, ends at ileocecal junction |
| circular folds | ridges on surface of small intestine, from duodenum to middle of ileum, causes chyme to flow in spirals for more contact with mucosa |
| intestinal crypt | locates betwene bases of vili, pores open into tubular gands |
| segmentation | ring like constrictions in several places along the intestine, mixes and moves contents slowely and steadily toward ileocecal valve, churns contents |
| peristalsis | wave of contractions, late intestinal phase after absorption, brings materials towards large intestine |
| large intestine functions | absorbs water, stores indigestable food, hourses good bacteria, propulsion of feces |
| teniae coil | 3 bands of longitudinal muscle in muscularis of large intestine |
| haustra | pouches in the colon caused by the muscle tone of the teniae coli |
| epiploic appendages | fat filled pouches which hang from the serosa of transverse through sigmoid colon |
| cecum | first section of large intestine, appendix |
| anal canal | final segment of large intestine, mucosa folds into anal columns with anal sinus between, terminates at the anus |
| gut microbiome | digests cellulose, pectin, other indigestible carbs, helps in synthesis of vitamins b and k |
| flatus | intestinal gas that is expelled, much is swallowed air |
| haustral contractions | every 30 mins, distention of hausfrau stimulates contraction, moves materials between haustrum, promotes water and salt absorption |
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