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microbio exam 2
gram positive cocci
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| staphylococcus are catalase _______________ | positive |
| streptococcus are catalase ______________ | negative |
| staphylococci appear as | medium to large, convex, buttery looking, creamy, white, or light gold colonies |
| streptococci appear as | small to medium, pinpoint, grey, translucent, have wide zones of hemolysis |
| christie atkins munch petersen (CAMP) test | observes enhanced hemolysis next to staph aureus; occurs when beta-lysin and hemolysins of GBS come into contact |
| salt tolerance test differentiates | group D strep (+) vs enterococcus (-) |
| S. aureus virulence factors | enterotoxins, TSST-1, exfoliative toxin, panton-valentine leukocidin, Beta-hemolysin, hyaluronidase, lipase, protein A |
| S. pyogenes virulence factors | M protein, streptolysins O and S, DNases A-D, hyaluronidase, erythrogenic toxin |
| enterotoxins | heat stable exotoxins that cause diarrhea and vomitting-- 9 total |
| TSST-1 | aka toxin F; produced by phage group 1 and causes toxic shock syndrome |
| exfoliative (epidermolytic) toxin | hydrolyzes skin; Ritters, bullous impetigo |
| Panton valentine leukocidin | kills polymorphonuclear WBCs and prevents phagocytosis |
| beta hemolysin | lyses RBCs by acting on sphingomyelin |
| hyaluronidase | hydrolyzes hyaluronic acid in connective tissue |
| protein A | binds the Fc region of antibodies to avoid phagocytosis |
| M protein | has antiphagocytic properties; interferes with complement |
| selective medium for gram positive organisms | mannitol salt agar (MSA) |
| nutritionally variant strep | abiotrophia and granulicatella; require cysteine and pyridoxal (vitamin B6) |
| S. pyogenes hemolysis | beta |
| S. agalactiae hemolysis | beta |
| S. dysgalactiae, S. equi hemolysis | beta |
| S. bovis group hemolysis | alpha, beta, or gamma |
| E. faecalis, E. faecium hemolysis | alpha, beta, or gamma |
| S. aureus causes | skin and wound infections (carbuncles, furuncles, folliculitis, bullous impetigo, scalded skin syndrome, toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN)), TSS, food poisoning, secondary pneumonia, bacteria and endocarditis |
| S. pyogenes causes | pharyngitis (strep throat), scarlet fever, skin infections (impetigo, erysipelas, cellulitis), sepsis, rheumatic fever, acute glomerulonephritis (AGN), streptococcal TSS |
| S. pneumoniae causes | pneumonia, sinusitis, otitis media, bacteremia, endocarditis, peritonitis |
| S. agalactiae causes | sepsis, pneumonia, meningitis, bacteremia, endocarditis |
| S. epidermidis causes | nosocomial infections |
| S. saprophyticus causes | UTIs in young women and old men |
| Viridans streptococci causes | tooth decay, meningitis, abscesses, osteomyelitis |
| leuconostoc causes | opportunistic infections-- meningitis, pulmonary infections, bacteremia |
| pediococcus causes | bacteremia, meningitis, abscess infections |
| furuncle = | boil |
| carbuncle = | multiple furuncles |
| bullous impetigo | caused by S. aureus --> large, fluid filled blisters |
| drug of choice for group A strep | penicillin, erythromycin if allergic |
| group A strep | streptococcus pyogenes |
| group B strep | streptococcus agalactiae |
| __________________ and ____________________ are intrinsically resistant to vancomycin | leuconostoc and pediococcus |
| penicillin resistant is the result of | the production of the enzyme, beta-lactamase |
| Bacitracin: staphylococci are ___ micrococcus are ___ | staph are resistant micro are sensitive/ susceptible |
| broth for GBS screening | carrot broth |
| lancefield grouping | based on carbohydrate antigens in the cell wall |
| group C strep | S. equisimilis, S. equi, S. zooepidemicus, S. dysgalactiae |
| group D | S. bovis group and enterococcus |
| modified oxidase: staphylococci - micrococcus - | staph - negative micro - positive |
| methicillin resistance is detected by | cefoxin disk screen test, latex agglutination for PBB2a, or mueller-hinton agar supplemented w/ NaCl w/ oxacillin |
| hosptial acquired mrsa vs community acquired mrsa | HA-MRSA: multidrug resistant, no PVL, bloodstream infections, site infections, and pneumonia CA-MRSA: often affects younger ppl, PVL, skin and soft tissue infections |
| slide coagulase detects ___________ coagulase and tube detects | bound; free |
| bacitracin test use | differentiates S. pyogenes (S/+) |
| PYR test | identifies bacteria that produce L-pyrolidonyl hydrochloride; positive results indicated by a bright cherry red color |
| quellung reaction | used to differentiate S. pneumoniae; specimen is mixed with S. pneumoniae specific antisera; positive - antisera binds the antigen, making the capsule swell |
| SXT test | antibiotic disc diffusion test used to differentiate beta-hemolytic streptococci based on their susceptibility to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole |
| STX: group A - group B - groups C, F, G - | A - resistant B - resistant C, F, G - susceptible |
| novobiocin | ID's S. saprophyticus (R) |
| Hippurate hydrolysis | hippurate breaks sodium hippurate down to benzoic acid and glycine; positive - blue/purple |
| LAP test | detects the enzyme leucine aminopeptidase; most catalase negative gram positive cocci are positive; positive - bright red/pink/purple color in 1 min |
| bile solubility | he ability of bacterial cells to lyse or break apart when exposed to bile salts like sodium deoxycholate; S. pneumoniae is bile soluble |
Created by:
kingsleya27