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textbook ecology
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| "What is ecology?" | Interactions between organisms and their biological (biotic) and physical (abiotic) environments. |
| "What is the relationship between proximate and ultimate causation in ecology and evolution?" | Proximate factors- how and what caused a behavior or trait Ultimate factors- why behavior/trait evolved and how it may provide an evolutionary advantage |
| "How do natural selection, genetic drift, and gene flow interact? | -Gene flow can introduce new alleles into a population -Natural selection may increase beneficial ones -Genetic drift may randomly increase or decrease any of them, especially in small populations. |
| "Explain the relationship between the genotype, phenotype, and heritability." | The genotype influences an individual's phenotype, which is also affected by the environment and G×E interactions. Heritability measures how much of the variation in phenotypes within a population is due to genetic differences (genotype differences). |
| "Can evolution occur without a change in fitness" | Yes, because mechanisms like genetic drift and gene flow can change allele frequencies independently of fitness. |
| "Explain, using specific examples, a biochemical, a morphological, and a physiological adaptation to temperature stress." | Antarctic fish produce antifreeze proteins (biochemical) Arctic mammals have thick fur for insulation (morphological) Mammals shiver to generate heat when cold (physiological) |
| "What are the adaptive advantages of avoidance strategies? What are the costs?" | Allows organisms to escape stressful temperatures, but they have costs such as energy expenditure, reduced opportunities for feeding or reproduction, and increased risks during movement. |
| "What is the role of historical factors in determining the range limit?" | Past events affect where a species is able to occur today. For example, glaciers may have eliminated a species from an area, and even after the glaciers retreat, the species may not be able to disperse back into that suitable habitat |
| "Describe major zones of a lake" | Littoral zone → shallow water near shore; organisms may be periodically exposed to air. Pelagic zone → water column above the bottom. Benthic zone → bottom of the ecosystem (seafloor or lake bottom). |
| What causes the patterns of mixing in deep lakes? | Summer: Warm water stays at the surface Fall: Surface water cools, becomes denser, and sinks Winter: Surface water is cold but less dense than the slightly warmer deep water Spring: Surface water warms, becomes denser, and sinks |
| "How is kin selection an indirect form of natural selection?" | An individual can increase the spread of its genes by helping relatives reproduce, rather than reproducing itself. |
| "What is the relationship between sexual selection and natural selection?" | favors traits that increase an individual's ability to attract or compete for mates and reproduce. |
| "What is the difference between subspecies and ecotypes?" | Subspecies are geographically distinct populations with consistent differences, while ecotypes are populations adapted to specific local environmental conditions. |
| "How do we experimentally distinguish between genetic adaptation and phenotypic plasticity?" | Raise individuals from different populations in the same environment. Persistent differences suggest genetic adaptation, while differences that disappear suggest phenotypic plasticity. |
| "Explain the advantages and disadvantages of using molecular measures to quantify intraspecific variation." | Advantageous because they provide precise measurements of genetic variation and are less affected by the environment. Expensive and complex bc genetic differences do not necessarily translate into differences in phenotype or fitness |
Created by:
Brookelol