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Stats/Chem Review
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| pH + buffering: what is pH? (1) what is an acid? (1) what is a base? (1) how does water work here? (2) what is a buffer? (2) | how acidic/basic (alkaline) a solution is; releases H+ ions when dissolved in water; accepts H+ ions OR releases OH- (hydroxide ions); water is a liquid that dissociates into H+ and OH-; resists change in pH when acid/base is added, maintains pH stability |
| solution (1), solvent (3) solute (1) | homogenous mix of 2+ substances; dissolving agent in a solution, water = versatile solvent - polar molecules are attracted to ions and other polar molecules w which it can form H bonds; substance that is dissolve |
| "LIKE DISSOLVES LIKE" -- remember this about water (2); ionic compounds - how they work (3) | water can interact w sugars or proteins containing many O + H, water will form H bonds w the sugar or protein to dissolve it; partially negative O in water interacts w positive atom; partially positive H in water interacts w negative atom, dissolves ions |
| density (water - floating ice): what happens to water? (1) due to what, what happens to H2O molecules? (2) what does this allow, therefore? (1) | as water solidifies it expands and becomes less dense; due to H bonds, when cooled H2O molecules move too slowly to break the bonds (crystalline structure); allows marine life to survive under floating ice sheets |
| what are the aspects of temperature control? (3) | evaporative cooling, high specific heat, high heat of vaporization |
| high specific heat/specific heat capacity (1) in regards to water? (2) importances? (3) | amt of heat energy required to raise temp of unit mass of substance; absorbed - heat energy breaks h bonds, released when h bonds break; moderates air temp in day and night, stabilizes ocean temp (marine life), organisms resist changes in internal temp |
| high heat of vaporization (1) evaporative cooling (2 )importance of water cooling (4) | water requires large amt of energy to evaporate (strong H bonds); water molecules evaporate, so surface they evaporate = cooler; mods Earth's climate, stabilizes small water body temp, prevents land orgs from overheating & leaves from too much sun warmth |
| capillary action (1) when does it occur? (1) why is it important? (1) | upward movement of water due to forces of cohesion, adhesion, surface tension; when adhesion is greater than cohesion; important for transport of water and nutrients in plants |
| adhesion (1, plants) v. cohesion (1, plants) | attraction of OTHER polar molecules or charged ones, transport of h2o/nutrients against gravity in plants; attraction of molecules for other molecules of the SAME KIND, allows polar h2o to cling to cell walls and resist downward pull of gravity (plants) |
| cohesion process for water (3) surface tension for water (1) | h bonds between h2o molecules hold them together and inc cohesive forces, responsible for surface tension - surface H2O molecules experience greater inward pull bc no molecules are above them to balance forces |
| polarity -- water (1) | polar covalent bonds created by unequal sharing of electrons between O and H within the molecule of water |
| hydrogen (1) + intermolecular bonds (1) | partially positive H atom in one polar covalent molecule will be attracted to an electronegative atom in another polar covalent molecule; bond forming BETWEEN molecules in separate groups |
| what do hydrogen bonds form? | H atom bonds to an electronegative atom (O, N, F), so electrons NOT shared equally between atoms; H now has a partial POSITIVE charge and electronegative atom has a partial NEGATIVE charge |
| what is an ionic bond? (1) what is it usually between? (1) what do they form? (2) when do ionic bonds occur? (1) what kind of ions are formed when they occur? (2) | attraction between OPPOSITELY charged atoms (ions); metal transfers electrons to nonmetal; forms ionic compounds and salts; transfer of electrons from one atom to another - forms ions (cations + ion , anion - ion) |
| polar covalent (1) for water? (2) VERSUS non-polar covalent | electrons are shared UNEQUALLY between two atoms, FOR WATER: unequal sharing of e- results in partial charges on O and H; electrons are shared EQUALLY betwen two atoms (O2) |
| covalent bond (1) what is it usually between? (1) what do they form? (2) what kinds of compounds? (3) | when two or more atoms SHARE ELECTRONS; usually between two nonmetals; forms molecules and compounds (single 1 pair e-, double 2 pairs e-, triple 3 pairs of e-) |
| Elements want to be stable. how is that achieved? (2) what happens to electrons from the OCTET rule? (3) what are chemical bonds? (2) what is electronegativity? (1) how is electronegativity determined on the periodic table? (2) | form chem bonds w other elements, OCTET RULE (gain, lose, share e- to complete valence shell & become stable); attraction between two atoms bc of sharing/transferring valence e-, measure of atoms' ability to attract e- to itself, inc across, dec down |
| STATS terms you should know: IQR (Q3 - Q1); standard deviation; variability (degree of spread); mean, median, mode (affects center tendencies); normal distribution (adding each bit of data based on side); overlap, interval bars, stat sig/insignificant | on the front page |
| independent (2) v dependent variables (2) | the ONE factor that is changed by the person doing an experiment, represents a quantity that is being manipulated; the factor measured in an experiment, represents a quantity whose value DEPENDS on the manipulation of the IV |
| what are constants? (1) ex? (3) control group (1) v experimental group (1) | all the factors that stay the same throughout an experiment; ex. of temp, weight, height; control - expected results, experimental - experimented results) |
| positive control (2) v negative control (2) | NOT EXPOSED to experimental treatment of IV, exposed to treatment known to produce expected effect; NOT EXPOSED to any treatment or exposed to treatment that is known to have NO EFFECT, ensures no effect when no nothing should happen |
| hypothesis (2), theory (3), scientific law (2) | an explanation to a question, tested by experiment/observation; summarizes a group of hypotheses, supported by mass evidence, hypotheses can be developed; statement of fact usually as a mathematical formula, accepted as universal and observes "how/why?" |
| NULL (3) v. ALTERNATIVE HYPOTHESES (1) | hypothesis researchers try to disprove, reject, or nullify, no difference between two groups of data, experimental observations due to CHANCE; list as many alternative hypotheses necessary to experiment (H1, H2, H3, etc.) |
| making observations - data (1), qualitative (1) v. quantitative (1), inductive (1) v deductive reasoning (1), inquiry (3) | recorded observations; observations w senses; observations w instruments; derive GENERALIZATIONS due to larger number of specific observation; specific results derived from GENERAL PREMISES; search info + explanation, make observations, form hypotheses |
Created by:
i.lundin