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Psych U2 AOS 2
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| What is Attention | Attention involves focusing our mental resources on certain information while blocking out irrelevant stimuli. |
| What do we attend to externally | External information from our senses. |
| what do we attend to interally | Internal information such as our thoughts and feelings. |
| Characteristics of Attention | Attention is limited - we filter the relevant components into our awareness. Attention is selective - We can direct our attention to certain stimuli at the exclusion of other stimuli. Attention is controllable - However, attention shifts |
| Cocktail Party Effect | suggests that we tend to direct our attention to stimuli we find personally relevant. |
| Factors that influence attention | arousal _ beign tired can reduce attention task difficulty - A new task requires more attentional resources skill development - Through practice in attending to stimuli, u better anxiety - can reduce the cognitive resources we have available. |
| Selective Attention | involves focusing our concentration on one stimuli at the exclusion of others. |
| Divided Attention | involves the process of simultaneously attending to two or more stimuli or processes. |
| Sustained Attention | attention involves the process of maintaining attention over an extended time. It is sometimes referred to as vigilance. |
| Perception | the set of processes by which we organise, recognise and meaningfully interpret sensory experience. |
| Sensation | the process of capturing stimuli from the environment from our sense organs. |
| Visual Sensation | the process of the eye receiving and responding to light from the environment. |
| Visual Perception | the process of interpreting the information collected by the eye. |
| tHREE PROCCESSES OF PERCEPTION | selection organisation interpretation |
| 1. Selection | Attending to certain sesory stimuli or features of certain stimuli and excluding other |
| 2. Organisation | Regrouping selected features of sensory stimuli in order for them to be cohesively arranged |
| 3. Interpretation | Understanding and assigning meaning to sensory info in order to understand it |
| Biology of vision → refers to the physical and biological processes that make vision possible, | Light entering the eye The retina and photoreceptors (rods and cones) Neural transmission along the optic nerve Processing in the visual cortex |
| Top Down Processing | Occurs when previous experience and expectations are first used to recognise stimuli |
| Bottom-up processing | Occurs when we sense basic features of stimuli and then integrate them |
| What is depth perception? | The ability to interpret the world as three-dimensional (3D). |
| What are the three types of factors influencing visual perception? | Biological, psychological and social factors. |
| What structures are involved in vision? | The eye, optic nerve and primary visual cortex. |
| What is the role of the retina? | It converts visual sensory information into signals sent to the brain for interpretation. |
| What are rods? | Photoreceptors that respond to very low levels of light; mainly responsible for night vision. Poor at detecting fine details and not involved in colour vision. |
| What are cones? | Photoreceptors that respond to high levels of light; responsible for fine detail and colour vision. |
| What are depth cues? | Sources of information that allow us to determine the distance of objects from us. |
| What are binocular depth cues? | Depth cues that require both eyes. |
| What are the two binocular depth cues? | Retinal disparity and convergence. |
| What is retinal disparity? | The difference between the retinal images received by each eye. Greater disparity = object is closer. |
| What is convergence? | As an object gets closer, the eyes turn inward more. The brain uses the tension in the orbital muscles to judge distance. |
| What are monocular depth cues? | Depth cues that can be used with one eye. |
| What is Attention | Attention involves focusing our mental resources on certain information while blocking out irrelevant stimuli. |
| What do we attend to externally | External information from our senses. |
| what do we attend to interally | Internal information such as our thoughts and feelings. |
| Characteristics of Attention | Attention is limited - we filter the relevant components into our awareness. Attention is selective - We can direct our attention to certain stimuli at the exclusion of other stimuli. Attention is controllable - However, attention shifts |
| Cocktail Party Effect | suggests that we tend to direct our attention to stimuli we find personally relevant. |
| Factors that influence attention | arousal _ beign tired can reduce attention task difficulty - A new task requires more attentional resources skill development - Through practice in attending to stimuli, u better anxiety - can reduce the cognitive resources we have available. |
| Selective Attention | involves focusing our concentration on one stimuli at the exclusion of others. |
| Divided Attention | involves the process of simultaneously attending to two or more stimuli or processes. |
| Sustained Attention | attention involves the process of maintaining attention over an extended time. It is sometimes referred to as vigilance. |
| Perception | the set of processes by which we organise, recognise and meaningfully interpret sensory experience. |
| Sensation | the process of capturing stimuli from the environment from our sense organs. |
| Visual Sensation | the process of the eye receiving and responding to light from the environment. |
| Visual Perception | the process of interpreting the information collected by the eye. |
| tHREE PROCCESSES OF PERCEPTION | selection organisation interpretation |
| 1. Selection | Attending to certain sesory stimuli or features of certain stimuli and excluding other |
| 2. Organisation | Regrouping selected features of sensory stimuli in order for them to be cohesively arranged |
| 3. Interpretation | Understanding and assigning meaning to sensory info in order to understand it |
| Biology of vision → refers to the physical and biological processes that make vision possible, | Light entering the eye The retina and photoreceptors (rods and cones) Neural transmission along the optic nerve Processing in the visual cortex |
| Top Down Processing | Occurs when previous experience and expectations are first used to recognise stimuli |
| Bottom-up processing | Occurs when we sense basic features of stimuli and then integrate them |
| What is depth perception? | The ability to interpret the world as three-dimensional (3D). |
| What are the three types of factors influencing visual perception? | Biological, psychological and social factors. |
| What structures are involved in vision? | The eye, optic nerve and primary visual cortex. |
| What is the role of the retina? | It converts visual sensory information into signals sent to the brain for interpretation. |
| What are rods? | Photoreceptors that respond to very low levels of light; mainly responsible for night vision. Poor at detecting fine details and not involved in colour vision. |
| What are cones? | Photoreceptors that respond to high levels of light; responsible for fine detail and colour vision. |
| What are depth cues? | Sources of information that allow us to determine the distance of objects from us. |
| What are binocular depth cues? | Depth cues that require both eyes. |
| What are the two binocular depth cues? | Retinal disparity and convergence. |
| What is retinal disparity? | The difference between the retinal images received by each eye. Greater disparity = object is closer. |
| What is convergence? | As an object gets closer, the eyes turn inward more. The brain uses the tension in the orbital muscles to judge distance. |
| What are monocular depth cues? | Depth cues that can be used with one eye. |
| What is a visual illusion | perception of a visual stimulus that conflicts with visual reality |
| 3 Examples | Spinning Dancer (Lack of depth clues makes her seem to spin in different directions) The dress (Human assumptions about lighting influence hwo colours are perceived) Mullier Lyer (Two equal length lines appear different because of shapes at the end) |
| What is Visual Agnosia | loss or impairment of the ability to recognise familiar stimuli through one or more senses, despite the senses otherwise functioning normally. |
| What is agnosia associated with? | Brain Lesions |
| Two types of Visual Agnosia | APPerceptive - APpearance can't be properly perceived. ASSociative - Can't ASSOciate what they see with what it means. |
| Apperceptive Definition | When an individual cant properly perceive/process a stimuli |
| Associative Definition | When an Indivudal can perceive a stimuli but cannot recognise it. (Cannot add meaning or attach events to a stimuli) |
| Supertaster Definition | people with a very low threshold for taste stimuli and an unusually high number of taste buds |
| Are supertasterssensitive to sweet or bitter tastes | bitter tastes |
| Miraculin Definition - What is it? | a protein from the miracle berry that alters taste perception. |
| The three steps in the process of miraculin | 1. Makes sour foods sweet 2. Miraculin binds to sweet receptors 3. Brain receives signal associated with sweetness. |
| Judgement of Flavour - 2 Types of Processes | 1. Top Down - Previous knowlege and expectations influence perception 2. Bottom Up - Sensory info builds towards perception. Think of a person eating, when they put the food to their mouth (bottom up) the info builds towards their perception of food |
| 3 Factors that influence judgement of flavour | Perceptual Set -A predisposition to perceive certain features while ignoring others. Colour Intensity - More intensely coloured food is generally perceived as having a stronger flavour, even when it doesn't. Texture - Infleunces perception of flavour. |
| What is synaesthesia | a perceptual phenomenon where activation of one sensory system produces an unusual perception in another sensory system |
| Outline the proccess of synaesthesia | One sense is activated which causes Another usual sensory experience to occur. |
| What is spacial neglect | inability to perceive, report or orient sensory information from one side of space. |
| Outline the 4 step proccess of Spacial Neglect. Idenitfy the lobe affected. | 1. Associated with damage of right parietal lobe 2. Results in neglect of left side 3. Affects visual info 4. Persons eyes still function normally |
| What happens to a persons eyes when they have spacial neglect? | Their eyes work normally, but their brain fails to attend to or proccess info from one side. |
| What happens to a person with spacial neglect? | They only perform actions on the right side of their body (literally). EG: May only draw on the right side of body, may only clean the right side of body. |
Created by:
Subha ❤️