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Lecture 6,7,8
quiz 3
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Osmoconformer | Internal water/solute concentration changes with the environment. |
| Osmoregulators | Maintains internal water and solute concentrations/balance within narrow limits. -Actively controls despite outside salinity |
| Stenohaline | Steno= narrow Tolerates a narrow range of salinity |
| Euryhaline | Eury=broad Tolerates a broad range of salinities. |
| Major driver of Earth: Incoming solar energy | Reaches Earth parallel. |
| Incoming solar energy: Tropics | rays hit more directly -> more energy -> warmer |
| Incoming solar energy: Poles | rays hit at an angle -> less energy -> colder |
| Factors affecting microclimates: Aspect | Direction a SLOPE faces. changes the amount of sunlight received. |
| Factors affecting microclimates: Albedo | Dark SURFACES-> absorb more energy. Proportion of incoming light that is reflected. Snow->high albedo->reflects more energy |
| Factors affecting microclimates: Altitude | Higher altitude -> lower temperature. |
| Macroclimate | large-scale, long-term weather variation |
| Microclimate | small spatial scale weather variation |
| Weather and climate involve | Temperature, pressure, humidity, cloudiness, wind |
| Weather: | atmospheric conditions within small geographic areas, over short time periods (hours, days, weeks) |
| Climate: | long term patterns of temperature and precipitation across regions |
| Altitudinal patterns | Higher altitude = lower air pressure-> air expands-> lower temperature |
| Adiabatic cooling | Air cools as it rises and expands |
| Earth's obliquity | Rotational axis= 23.4° Axis is NOT perpendicular to earth's orbital plane around sun. |
| Projection effect | Sunlight is spread over a larger area (less intense) |
| Absorption effect | Sunlight travels through more atmosphere, so more energy is absorbed/blocked (lost). |
| True or false: Seasons are primarily caused by Earth's distance from the Sun. | FALSE. Earth's tilt is. |
| Earth's four atmospheric layers have... | Temperatures, densities, composition |
| Troposphere | Bottom layer. Where weather occurs. Temperature decreases with altitude (gets colder) Tropopause- boundary between troposphere and stratosphere |
| Stratosphere | Gets warmer with altitude. Contains ozone layer that blocks harmful UV radiation. |
| Mesosphere | Low air pressure, gets colder with altitude. |
| Thermosphere | Top atmospheric layer, extremely thin air. |
| Hadley cell helps drive | Global atmospheric circulation, precipitation patterns, latitudinal climate pattern |
| What causes wind? | Movement of air from high pressure to low pressure |
| At the equator.. | rising warm and moist air → lots of rain → rainforests |
| 30° N/S → | sinking cool/dry air → little rain → deserts |
| Terrestrial biome | Large scale, determined by climate, distinguished by plants |
| Wet season | Temperature curve is below the precipitation curve. |
| Ombrothermic Charts | Temp and precipitation patterns throughout the year for a particular location. Helpful climate and dry month wise |
| Coriolis Effect | Apparent deflection of moving water (and air) caused by Earth's rotation. North- clockwise, South- counter clockwise |
| Soil (foundation of terrestrial biomes) is a mixture of | Living material, nonliving material, solids, liquids, gases |
| Soil Horizons (vertical layers that classify solids: O,A,B,C) | O: organic A: Minerals, clay, silt, sand B: Clay, humus, and other materials from A horizon, plant roots C: Weathered plant material |
| Hydrologic Cycle (water cycle): first four | 1. Evaporation: water from lakes/rivers turn to vapor 2. Evapotranspiration: plants + land release water vaport Condensation: water vapor form clouds Precipitation: water falls as rain, snow, etc. |
| Hydrologic Cycle (water cycle): final four | Runoff: water makes rivers/oceans Groundwater: water moves in soil/rock Organisms: water moves in and out of living things Wind: moves water vapor and clouds |
| Eckman Spiral | Water at different depths moves in different directions because of wind + the Coriolis effect. |
| Eckman transport | Where the surface ocean water caused by wind moves. |
| Upwelling | Deep, cold water rises to surface. Nutrients reach surface, phytoplankton grow, primary production is high |
| Thermohaline Circulation | Large-scale ocean circulation caused by differences in temp and salinity. |
| Eutrophication | excessive nutrients enter water, causing excessive algae growth and o2 loss |
| Limiting factor in aquatic systems: Oxygen | Very lowow oxygen (hypoxia) limits aquatic life because organisms need dissolved oxygen for cellular respiration. (less available in water) |
| Nutrients increase, algae increase.. | Bacteria increase, O2 decrease, animals die |
| Limiting factor in aquatic systems: Light | Light limits photosynthesis and where photosynthetic organisms can live because light decreases as water gets deeper. |
| Why is the ocean blue? | Long and short wavelengths are absorbed first. Blue light is absorbed least and strongly scattered. |
| Compensation depth | Depth increases->light and photosynthesis decreases Photosynthesis=respiration |
| Algae depth (shallow to deep) | Green to brown to red. |
| Limiting factor in aquatic systems: Temperature, Thermal Stratification | Different temperature layers in a body of water |
| Thermocline | layer where temperature changes rapidly with depth |
| Limiting factor in aquatic systems: Salinity | Equator: more rain → lower salinity Subtropics: more evaporation → higher salinity |
| Littoral zone | Shallow water along the shore, including the intertidal zone where organisms are periodically exposed to air |
| Neritic zone | Water over the continental shelf, extending from the shore to the edge of the shelf; generally nutrient-rich and highly productive |
| Oceanic zone | Water beyond the continental shelf — the open ocean |
| Depth: Benthic zone | The bottom of an aquatic ecosystem, including the seafloor or lake bottom. |
| Depth: Pelagic zone | The water column above the bottom |
| Open Ocean adaptations | Strong currents and pressure increases with depth |
| Deep Sea Vents: Chemoautotrophs | Make carbohydrates (food) using chemical energy (NO sunlight) |
| Rocky intertidal zone | Area between the high tide and low tide lines |
| Rocky Intertidal adaptations | Strong waves (attach to rocks) Low tide (dry out/desiccation so they have heat-shock proteins that protect cells from high temp) Species distribution (preferred conditions and tolerance) |
| Lentic | Still or slow moving water (lake) |
| Lotic | Consistently flowing water (streams) |
| Autochthonous | Energy/organic matter produced within the aquatic system. ex: Photosynthesis of algae in river, lower stream |
| Allochthonous | Organic matter comes from outside the aquatic system, usually terrestrial sources Ex:upper stream |
| Lakes | Summer → layers Fall → turnover/mixing Winter → ice Spring → turnover/mixing |
| Swamps | Wetland dominated by woody plants. Plants need ways to get oxygen to their roots since waterlogged soil has low O2. |
| Mangrove swamps | Salt + low O₂ → manage salt + get oxygen |
| Bogs | Wetlands in northern regions, form in depressions left by glaciers that collect water. Organic matter builds up slowly. Sphagnum moss grows-> very acidic and low pH environment, Carnivorous plants eat insects to obtain nutrients, especially nitrogen. |
| Epilimnion | Upper layer that's warm |
| Hypolimnion | Deep layer that's cool |
| Tropical Rainforests | Warm, lots of rain, layered, nutrient-poor soil. |
| Tropical Savanna | Rainfall and seasonality, soil fertility, topography |
| Desert | 30° N/S, low precipitation |
| Boreal Forest (Taiga) | Northern hemisphere,evergreen conifers, acidic, nutrient-poor soil |
| Tundra | Short growing season, permafrost (permanently frozen ground) |
Created by:
Brookelol