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lecture 10
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Spatial variation | Landscape composed of many local environments (patches). Due to discontinuity in physical/biological factors (changes across places, environment differs place to place) ex: georgia is warmer than alaska |
| Intraspecific variation | Differences within the same species example: Species of bird living in a cold region may develop thicker feathers than the same species living in a warm region. |
| Temporal variations | Environment changes through time, changes might be challenging for organisms. |
| Temporal variations: Predictable changes | Preparation involves plants making seeds/buds and animals migrating/hibernating (Changes over time) |
| Temporal variations: Unpredictable changes | Harder to prepare for bc organisms need other ways to survive sudden changes (Changes over time) |
| Ecotypes | Population of same species that are ADAPTED to different local environments. ex: bird population in Alaska has evolved thicker feathers than same species in Georgia |
| Reciprocal transplant experiment | Tests whether differences between populations are caused by genetics (local adaptation) or just the environment. |
| Phenotypic plasticity | Organisms can adapt their development to match environmental conditions. Pros- organisms can adapt quickly to rapid variations Cons- organisms need a mechanism to detect changes and will alter developmental pathways |
| Genetic adaptations (ecotypes) | Best when an organism stays in the same environment for a long time bc they can evolve traits suited to that environment specifically. ex:tuna, who live their entire lives in the ocean dont need to constantly change their traits for diff. environ. |
| Non-genetic adaptations (phenotypic plasticity) | Best when an organism experiences different environments during its lifetime. ex:salmon live part of their lives in ocean and freshwater. |
| Subspecies | Same species that live in different geographic regions, have different biological characteristics, still considered same species |
| Variety | Like subspecies but "variety" is the term used for plants. |
| Genetic diversity: Fisher's Fundamental Theorem | More genetic variation there is in a population's fitness (how successful and organism is at surviving/reproducing) , the more potential there is for adaptive evolution. |
| How is genetic variation created and maintained? | Mutation (new alleles created) Gene flow (brings alleles between populations) Sexual reproduction (creates new combinations of alleles) Natural selection |
| How is genetic variation lost? | Genetic drift (random loss of alleles in small populations) Natural selection (unfavorable alleles can disappear) Bottlenecks (population size decreases, taking genetic variation with it) Founder effect (small group starts a new population) |
| Frequency-dependent selection | An allele/trait's fitness depends on how common or rare it is in the population. Can maintain genetic variation because something rare gets an advantage while something common is being avoided/is a disadvantage. |
| Wright's F-statistics | Uses heterozygosity (Aa) to measure genetic structure within and between populations. FIS-inside one population FST-subpopulations/separate populations FIT-individuals vs. total |
Created by:
Brookelol