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Psychology Exam 1
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Psychology | The scientific study of behavior and mental processes |
| Founder of psychology | Wilhelm Wundt (German) |
| Goals of psychology | Describe behavior, Explain behavior, Predict behavior, and Change or control behaviors |
| Psychodynamic perspective | Frued: Behaviors and personalities result from conflicts between inner desires and society's expectations. Unconscious/subconscious. Talk therapy and dreams |
| Behavioral perspective | Watson: Behaviors can be seen and measured Skinner: Rewards and punishments Behaviors and personalities are primarily determined by learning |
| Humanistic perspective | Carl Rogers and Maslow: Human nature is essentially positive and people naturally grow and change for the better (Self-actualization) |
| Cognitive perspective | Mental process that direct behavior (connections between behavior and the human brain) |
| Evolutionary perspective | Behaviors and mental processes that are shaped by the forces of evolutionary inherited traits |
| Biological perspective | Psychology use to explain behavior and mental process |
| Sociocultural perspective | Importance of social and culture factors on behavior |
| Biopsychosocial perspetive | Examines the biological, psychological, and sociocultural influenced on behavior |
| Step one to scientific method | Find a question |
| Step two to scientific method | Form a hypothesis |
| Step three to scientific method | Design a study and collect data |
| Step four to scientific method | Analyze data and draw conclusions |
| Step five to scientific method | Report findings to allow for replication of the study |
| Theory | A tentative exploration that belongs to develop |
| Operational definitions | What we want to measure and how we will measure it. |
| 3 types of descriptive research | Naturalistic, case study, and survey method |
| Naturalistic | Watching and recording the behavior of organisms in their natural habitat. Tells us what not why, but we get data from their nature, nothing is being changed/manipulated |
| Case study | intensive, in-depth study of one individual or small group. Great information but may not generalize to large groups. Confabulation (honest lying) and hindsight bias are major concerns |
| Survey method | Measures habits, attitudes, values, and preferences. Great deal of information (Skims the surface, no why) Low response rate, social desirability, 2 types (written and verbal) |
| Population | The total group of individuals or subjects to be studied |
| Sample | A portion of the total to be used in research |
| Random sample | Each person has an equal chance |
| Independent Variable | The experimental factor that is manipulated, the treatment itself (drug) |
| Dependent Variable | The behavior measures; the factor that might be impacted by changes on the independent variable |
| Experimental Group | The group receiving the treatment |
| Control Group | The group not receiving the treatment |
| Correlation stength | The closer the absolute value r is to 1, the stronger the relationship between the two variables |
| If r is positive | both variables go in the same directions |
| if r is negative | One variable goes up, the other goes down |
| Causation and correlations | Correlation does not equal causation, a 3rd variable could exist |
| Causation | A change in one variable that has a direct effect on another |
| Placebo | Sugar pill or false treatment; confounding variables |
| Validity | Did the study measure what is was supposed to measure? |
| Reliablity | Consistency/stability of a measure (yield's consistent results across time) |
| Research ethics | written guidelines for ethical treatment of research participant. (confidentiality, informed consent) |
| Deception | Acceptable if not harmful to individual |
| Debreifing | a must |
| Inhabitable | Hinders neurons from firing its own action potential |
| Excitatory | Excites a neuron to fire |
| Cell body (soma) | Contains nucleus |
| Dendrites | Receives information |
| Axon Hillocks | Threshold gatekeeper |
| Axon | Passes the signal along |
| Myelin Sheath | Fatty cells around the axon which increase speed |
| Axon Terminal | Releases the message |
| Terminal Buds | Passes the massage along |
| Glial Cells | Acts a glue, protects the brain, removed cell waste |
| Neurons | Basic cell nerve |
| Action Potential | Message is carried in one direction by an electrical impulse, then recorded as the "all-or-none" potential, which must reach +30 to fire |
| Neurotransmitters | Chemicals which facilitate communication between 2 neurons in the synapse |
| Neurotransmitters purpose | uses excitatory to fire reaction or inhibitory hinder to neighboring neurons |
| Synapse | The small gap between two neuron |
| Acetylcholine | Learning, memory, muscle contractions (linked to Alzheimers) |
| Dopamine | Movement, thought process rewarding sensations, (linked to Parkinson's, Schizophrenia, and drug addiction) |
| Serotonin | Emotional state and sleep (linked to depression) |
| Norepinephrine | Physical arousal, learning, and memory (linked depression and stress) |
| GABA | Inhibition of brain activity (linked to anxiety disorder) |
| Endorphines | Pain perception, positive emotions (linked to opiate addiction) |
| Agonists | Drug boosts |
| Antagonist | Drug blocks |
| Reflexive arc (excepetion) | When your body quickly responds to stimuli and then processes the information after the fact. |
| Most antagonistic and agonists chemicals enter our body through | Drugs or other harmful substances |
| Neurons involved in the reflexive arc | Activates the sensory neurons, then goes to the interneurons, motor neurons, then the movement will occur, after it occurs then it will register in the brain |
| Endocrine system | Made up or ductless glands |
| Endocrine system purpose | Secretes hormones |
| Master gland | Pituitary gland |
| Pituitary Gland | Controls the hypothalamus |
| Thyroid Gland | Metablism |
| Pineal Gland | Sleep, wake cycle |
| Adrenal Gland | Excites the nervous system |
| Pancreas Gland | Blood sugar |
| Testies/Ovaries Glands | Sex hormones |
| Hormones | Chemical messangers in the bloodstream (long lasting and slow) |
| Limbic system | 4- interconnected structures in the forebrain |
| Limbic system purpose | Basic drives (hunger, sex, aggression, fight or flight) emotion, motivation, memory |
| Thalamus | Processes sensory information and relays information |
| Hypothalamus | Motivation and emotion- pleasure centered directs activity of pituitary gland (homeostasis) |
| Amygdala | Related to fear and aggression |
| Hippocampus | Memory function |
Created by:
pesanders