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Joints
A&P 2 Test 1
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Articulations of Joints | Sites between bones, cartilage and bones, or teeth and bones |
| Classifications of Joints are chosen by what two things | Functional Type, amount of movement |
| Classification of Joints, 3 types of joints | Synarthrosis Amphiarthrosis Diarthrosis |
| Synarthrosis | Immovable joint, like sutures |
| Amphiarthrosis | Slightly movable joints |
| Diarthrosis | Freely moveable joints |
| Structural types of joints, Fibrous Joints | Held together by dense fibrous connective tissue No joint cavity Most are synarthrotic-immovable. such as suture in skull, syndesmosis between radius and ulna, gomphosis between tooth and socket. |
| Structural types of Joints, Cartilaginous Joints | Held Together with cartilage. Synchondrosis, epiphyseal plate, pubic symphysis. |
| Synovial fluid | Helps to lubricate movement in places like hips and elbow, knees, etc. |
| Structural types of joints, Synovial Joints | Meniscus in knee, bursae, fluid-filled sacs that cushion the bones, tendons, etc. |
| Meniscus | C-shaped cartilage in the knee that cushions and stabilizes the joint between the thigh bone and shin bone |
| Bursa | Fluid-filled sacs that cushion the bones, tendons, and muscles near your joints. |
| Examples of Synovial joints (all diarthrotic) Pivot Joint | C1 and C2 vertebrae, like a hitch with a straight rod through it, can spin around |
| Examples of Synovial joints (all diarthrotic) Hinge Joint | Elbow, like the head of a crutch spinning like a hinge in a straight long socket |
| Examples of Synovial joints (all diarthrotic) Saddle Joint | Found between carpal bones and metacarpal joints for thumb, like two horse saddles perpendicular to each other to be able to move in multiple directions |
| Examples of Synovial joints (all diarthrotic) Plane Joint | Between Tarsal bones, like a flat plane that the top can move any direction sliding across |
| Examples of Synovial joints (all diarthrotic) Condyloid joint | Between radius and carpal bones of wrist, looks like a circle cut at an angle with a sphere inside to twist and rotate on. |
| Examples of Synovial joints (all diarthrotic) Ball and socket | Found in hip and shoulder, like a trailer hitch. |
| Articulation in joints | Site where two or more bones meet |
| Functions of joints | Give skeleton mobility Hold skeleton together |
| Fibrous Joints: sutures | Rigid, interlocking joints containing short connective tissue Allow for growth during youth In middle age, sutures ossify and are called synosteses |
| Fibrous Joints: Syndesmoses | Bones connected by ligaments (bands of connective tissue) Movement varies from immovable to slightly immovable Examples:Synarthrotic distal fibiofibular joint, and diarthrotic interossus connection between radius and ulna. |
| In middle age, sutures ossify and are called what? | synosteses |
| Fibrous Joints: Gomphoses | Peg-in-socket joints of teeth in alveolar sockets Fibrous connection is the periodontal ligament |
| Cartilaginous Joints, 2 types | Synchrondroses Symphyses |
| Cartilaginous Joints: Synchrondroses | A bar of plate of hyaline cartilage unites the bones all are synarthrotic |
| Cartilaginous Joints: Symphyses | Hyaline Cartilage covers the articulating surfaces and is fused to an intervening pad of fibrocartilage strong, flexible amphiarthroses |
| Synovial Joints | All are diarthrotic Includes all limb joints; most joints of the body |
| Ligaments in synovial joints do what? | Support the joint by holding the bones together and resisting excess or abnormal joint motions. |
| Distinguishing Factors of synovial joints: Synovial Fluid, what two things is it made of, and what does it do for articular cartilage? | viscous slipper filtrate of plasma + hyaluronic acid. Nourishes and lubricates articular cartilage |
| Distinguishing Factors of synovial joints: Rich Nerve and blood vessel supply: What three things do joint nerves do? What do capillary beds produce? | Nerve fibers detect pain, monitor joint position and stretch. Capillary beds produce filtrate for synovial fluid |
| Distinguishing Factors of synovial joints: Articular cartilage: | hyaline cartilage |
| Distinguishing Factors of synovial joints: Joint (synovial) cavity: | small potential space |
| Distinguishing Factors of synovial joints: Articular (joint) capsule: What is the outer and inner made of? | Outer fibrous capsule of dense, irregular connective tissue. Inner synovial membrane of loose connective tissue |
| Distinguishing Factors of synovial joints: Three possible types of reinforcing ligaments: | Capsular (intrinsic)-part of the fibrous capsule extracapsular-outside the capsule intracapsular-deep to capsule; covered by synovial membrane. |
| Synovial joints, Friction-reducing structures | Bursae and tendon sheath |
| Synovial joints, Friction-reducing structures: Bursae | Flattened, fibrous sacs lined with synovial membranes contain synovial fluid commonly act as ball bearings where ligaments, muscles, skin, tendons, or bones rub together. |
| Synovial joints, Friction-reducing structures: Tendon sheath | elongated bursa that wraps completely around a tendon |
| Stabilizing factors of synovial joints and their role | shapes or articular surfaces (minor role) ligament number and location (limited role Muscle tone, which keeps tendons that cross joint taught (extremely important in reinforcing shoulder and knee joints and arches of feet) |
| Synovial joints: Movement, origin and insertion | Muscle attachments across a joint: Origin and insertion Muscle contraction causes the insertion to move towards the origin Movements occur along transverse, frontal, or sagittal planes |
| Synovial joints: Movement, origin and insertion | Origin-attachment of an immovable bone Insertion-attachment to the movable bone |
| Synovial Joints: Range of Motion: nonaxial | slipping movements only |
| Synovial Joints: Range of Motion: uniaxial | movement on one plane |
| Synovial Joints: Range of Motion: biaxial | movement in two planes |
| Synovial Joints: Range of Motion: multiaxial | movement in or around all three planes, like hip and shoulder. anterior-posterior, medial-lateral, and rotational movements |
| Movements of synovial joints kinds | Gliding Angular Movements Rotation Special Movements |
| Movements of synovial joints: Gliding Movements | One flat bone surface glides or slips over another similar surface. Examples; Intercarpal joints, intertarsal joints, between articular processes of vertebrae. |
| Movements of synovial joints: Angular Movements | Movements that occur along the sagittal place: Flexion, extension, hyperextension Movements that occur along the frontal plane: Abduction, adduction, circumduction |
| Movements that occur along the sagittal plane in angular movements: Flexion | Decreases angle of joint |
| Movements that occur along the sagittal plane in angular movements: Extension | Increases angle of joint |
| Movements that occur along the sagittal plane in angular movements: Hyperextension | Excessive extension beyond normal range of motion |
| Movements that occur along the frontal plane in angular movements: Abduction | Movement away from the midline |
| Movements that occur along the frontal plane in angular movements: Adduction | movement toward the midline |
| Movements that occur along the frontal plane in angular movements: Circumduction | Flexion + Abduction + extension +adduction of a limb as to describe a cone in space, do circles with hand |
| Movements of synovial joints: Rotation | The turning of a bone around its own long axis Examples: Between C1 and C2 vertebrae, rotation and femur |
| Special Movements, why are they special? | They're only found in their own spots of the body, unique |
| Special Movements of radius and ulna | Supination (during hand backward) Pronation (turning hand forward) |
| Special Movements of the foot | Dorsiflexion (upward movement) Plantar Flexion (downward movement, PLANTing foot) Inversion (turn sole medially) Eversion (turn sole laterally |
| Special Movements in a transverse plane | Protraction (anterior movement) Retraction (posterior movement) Elevation (lifting body part superiorly) Depression (moving a body part inferiorly) |
| Special Movements of the Thumb, opposition | movement in the saddle joint so that the thumb touches the top of the other fingers |
| Plane joints | nonaxial joints flat articular surfaces short gliding movements |
| Hinge Joints | Uniaxial Joints Motion along a single plane Extension and flexion only |
| Pivot Joints | Rounded end of bone conforms to a "sleeve" or ring of another bone. Uniaxial movement only |
| Condyloid (ellipsoidal) joints | Biaxial Joints Both articular surfaces are oval Permit all angular movements |
| Saddle Joints | Biaxial Allow greater freedom of movement than condyloid joints Each articular surface has both concave and convex areas |
| Ball-and-socket Joints | Multiaxial joints the most freely moving synovial joints |
| Knee joint | Largest, most complex joint of body Three joints surrounded by a single joint cavity |
| 3 joints of the knee joint: Femoropatellar joint | plane joint Allows gliding motion during knee flexion |
| 3 joints of the knee joint: Lateral and Medial tibiofemoral joints | between the femoral condyles and the c-shaped lateral and medial menisci (semilunar cartilages) of the tibia. Allow flexion, extension, and some rotation when knee is partly flexed |
| How many bursae are in the knee | at least 12 associated bursae |
| What reinforces the knee's capsule? What is thin and absent anteriorly? | muscle tendons, quadriceps and semimembranosus tendons The joint capsule is thin and absent anteriorly |
| Anteriorly, the quadriceps tendon gives rise to: | lateral and medial patellar retinacula patellar ligament |
| capsular and extracapsular ligaments have what job? | help prevent hyperextension |
| intracapsular ligaments: Prevent displacement on what sides? Inside or outside the synovial cavity? | anterior and posterior cruciate ligaments prevent anterior-posterior displacement reside outside the synovial cavity. |
| Knee injury: A strong blow to the lateral side of the extended knee will cause what three injuries? | In sequence, tearing of the tibial collateral ligament, damage to the medial meniscus, and rupture of the anterior cruciate ligament |
| Shoulder (glenohumeral) joint. What is sacrificed for greater freedom of movement? | ball-and-socket joint: head of the humerus and glenoid fossa of the scapula Stability is sacrificed for greater freedom of movement. |
| Reinforcing ligaments of the shoulder: | caracohumeral ligament three glenohumeral ligaments |
| What does the coracohumeral ligament do in the shoulder? | helps support the weight of the upper limb |
| what's something good to remember about the three glenohumeral ligaments | they're somewhat weak anterior reinforcements |
| Reinforcing muscle tendons of the shoulder (1 and 4 of the same) | Tendon of the long head of the biceps Four rotator cuff tendons encircle shoulder joints |
| Tendon of the long head of the biceps, travels through what and secures what? | Travels through the intertubercular groove Secures humerus to the glenoid cavity |
| Four rotator cuff tendons that encircle the shoulder joint | subscapularis supraspinatus Infraspinatus Teres Minor |
| Elbow Joint, what articulates with the radius? What two movements does this joint have? What surrounds the head of the radius? | Radius and ulna articulate with the humerus Flexion and extension only Anular ligaments surround head of radius |
| What mainly makes up the hinge joint of the elbow? | Hinge joint formed mainly by trochlear notch of ulna and trochlea of humerus |
| Two capsular ligaments that restrict side-to-side movement of the elbow | ulnar collateral ligament radial collateral ligament |
| Hip (coxal) joint | Ball-and-socket joint Head of the femur articulates with the acetabulum Good range of motion, but limited by the deep socket |
| What enhances the depth of the hip socket? | Acetabular labrum |
| Reinforcing ligaments of the hip joint: (4) | iliofemoral ligament pubofemoral ligament ischiofemoral ligament ligamentum teres |
| Temporomandibular Joint | Mandibular condyle articulates with the temporal lobe Two types of movement Most easily dislocated joint of the body |
| Two movement types of temporomandibular joint: | Hinge-depression and elevation of the mandible Gliding: side-to-side (lateral excursion) and grinding of teeth |
| Common Joint injuries (4) | Sprains, cartilage tears, dislocations (luxations), and subluxations |
| Sprains | The ligaments are stretched or torn Partial tears slowly repair themselves Complete ruptures require prompt surgical repair |
| Cartilage tears | Due to compression and shear stress Fragments may cause joint to lock or bind Cartilage rarely repairs itself repaired with arthroscopic surgery |
| Dislocations (luxations) | Occur when bones are forced out of alignment Accompanied by sprains, inflammation, and joint immobilization caused by serious falls or playing sports |
| subluxation | partial dislocation of a joint |
| Inflammatory and Degenerative Conditions of Joints | Bursitis, tendonitis, arthritis kinds |
| Bursitis | An inflammation of the bursa, usually caused by a blow or friction. |
| Treatment of Bursitis | Treated with ice and rest, and if severe, anti-inflammatory drugs |
| Tendonitis | Inflammation of tendon sheaths typically caused by overuse |
| Treatments and symptoms of tendonitis | Similar to Bursitis |
| Arthritis | over 100 different types of inflammatory or degenerative diseases that damage joints Most widespread crippling disease in the US |
| Symptoms of arthritis | pain, stiffness, and swelling of joint |
| Acute forms of arthritis and their treatment | caused by bacteria, treated with antibiotics |
| Chronic forms of arthritis | osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, and gouty arthritis |
| Osteoarthritis (OA) | -Common, irreversible, degenerative (wear and tear) arthritis -More cartilage destroyed than replaced in badly aligned or overworked joints exposed bone ends thicken, enlarge, form bone spurs, and restrict movement |
| How many Americans develop OA, and do men or women more? | -85% of all Americans develop OA, more women than men. |
| Treatment of osteoarthritis | Moderate activity, mild pain relievers, capsaicin creams, glucosamine, and chondroitin sulfate |
| Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA) | -Chronic, inflammatory, autoimmune disease of unknown cause -synovitis in joint, release inflammatory chemicals -Inflamed synovial membrane thickens into a pannus -Pannus erodes cartilage, scar tissue forms, articulating bone ends connect (ankylosis) |
| Signs and symptoms of Rheumatoid Arthritis | Joint pain and swelling (usually bilateral), anemia, osteoporosis, muscle weakness, and cardiovascular problems |
| RA treatment: Conservative Therapy: | Aspirin, long-term use antibiotics, and physical therapy |
| RA treatment: Progressive treatment: | anti-inflammatory drugs or immunosuppressants |
| RA treatment: New treatment of RA: | Biological response modifier drugs neutralize inflammatory chemicals |
| Gouty Arthritis | Deposition of uric acid crystals in joints and soft tissues, followed by inflammation. If left untreated, the bone ends fuse and immobilize the joint |
| Do more men or women have gouty arthritis? | Men |
| Treatment of Gouty Arthritis | Drugs, plenty of water, avoidance of alcohol |
| Lyme disease | caused by bacteria transmitted in tick bites May lead to joint pain and arthritis |
| Treatment of Lyme disease | antibiotics |
| symptoms of Lyme disease | skin rash, flu-like symptoms, and foggy thinking |
| Developmental Aspects of Joints: By what embryonic week do synovial joints resemble adult joints | By embryonic week 8 |
| A joint's size, shape, and flexibility are modified via: | use |
| Advancing years take their toll on joints, specifically: | Ligaments and tendons shorten and weaken Intervertebral discs become more likely to herniate Most people in their 70s have some degree of OA |
| What's the key to postponing joints? | Exercise that coaxes joints through their full range of motion |
Created by:
JoshuaB5