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AP Exam #1

A&P Exam #1

QuestionAnswer
The activities of an anatomist consist of__________, whereas those of a physiologist consist of__________. observing body parts; studying functions of body parts
What is the effect of a positive feedback mechanism? It moves conditions away from the normal state.
In all living organisms, what is the basic unit of structure and function? The cell
Which of the following are typically required to maintain a stable internal environment? Negative feedback mechanisms.
Which of the following illustrates a positive feedback mechanism? Uterine contractions during childbirth.
The ability of an organism to sense and react to changes in its body is an example of__________. responsiveness
What requirement of life is the most abundant chemical in the body and is the major component of extracellular fluid? Water
What is the anatomical term that indicates a structure close to the surface? Superficial
Which of the following lists best illustrates increasing levels of complexity? Organelles, cells, tissues, organs, organ systems
What is a protein that spans the cell membrane called? Integral protein
For which of the following organelles are the structure and/or function correctly described? Endoplasmic reticulum: a network of interconnected membranes forming sacs and canals that packages protein molecules for secretion.
Which of the following is true regarding the pH scale? The lower the whole number on the scale, the greater the H+ concentration.
What is phagocytosis? The process by which a cell membrane engulfs solid particles.
Which of the following is an example of catabolism? Breakdown of glucose in the cytoplasm and mitochondria.
What kind of bond can form between K+ and Cl Ionic Bond
What is catabolism? Chemical reactions that release energy.
What is the overall function of cellular respiration? To release energy from nutrient molecules to be used as cellular energy.
Cells are placed in a solution that causes them to absorb liquid until they burst. When water is removed from the solution, newly added cells do not burst. The original solution was__________ , while the second was__________ to the cells. hypotonic; isotonic
ATP is used to power many cellular processes. Some genetic disorders are the result of defects in ATP creation. Which organelle is likely affected in these disorders? Mitochondrion
A blood pH of__________ is called alkalemia. 7.5 - 7.8
Chemical bonding occurs because of interactions between the__________ of atoms. electrons
What occurs to form a covalent bond? Atoms share one or more pairs of electrons.
Which of the following shows the correct complementary base pairing that occurs in DNA? Cytosine to guanine; adenine to thymine
What is the complementary base pairing to the DNA nitrogenous base thymine? Adenine
What is the most abundant inorganic substance in the body? Water
What is the overall function of cellular respiration? To release energy from nutrient molecules to be used as cellular energy.
What is the function of ATP molecules in living cells? Their energy is used in various cell processes.
Which of the following is studied in chemistry? The composition, properties, and interactions of matter
How are organic compounds different from inorganic compounds? Organic compounds always contain both carbon and hydrogen.
What is the chemical formula H2O referring to? A molecule that contains two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom.
The atomic number of an atom equals the number of__________, and the mass number equals the__________. number of protons; number of protons plus neutrons
Salt is placed in a glass of water. Slowly the salt begins to move from one area to another area. What factor caused the movement of the salt? Concentration gradient
What molecule is produced by cells in order to store glucose? Glycogen
Which of the following abnormal processes may occur if a cell becomes damaged due to lack of blood flow? Necrosis
How do the processes of transcription and translation differ? Transcription produces mRNA and translation produces protein.
Which organelle contains the nucleolus? The nucleus
Name the process by which genetic information within an mRNA strand is used to build a polypeptide chain Translation
What kind of membrane is the inner lining of the abdominal cavity, known as the parietal peritoneum? Serous membrane
Which of the following characteristics is used to name epithelial tissue types? Shape and layers of cells
What is the function of adipose tissue? Stores energy
Why are cartilage tissues likely to be slow in healing following an injury? Chondrocytes do not have direct blood supplies.
Which of the following is a general characteristic of connective tissue? It consists of cells within extracellular material.
Which muscle tissues are under involuntary control? Smooth muscle tissue and cardiac muscle tissue
A mutation occurs that prevents the formation of intercalated disks. Which of the following muscular structures will be directly affected? The heart
Which of the following cells respond to external stimuli by conducting electrical stimuli along long processes? Neurons
What is cellular organization? All living things are made out of one or more cells
What do unicellular consist of? Contains one cell
What do multicellular consist of? Many cells organized into tissues, organs, and systems.
What is Metabolism? All chemical reactions in the body
What is Anabolism? Process that uses energy to combine small, simple units into larger, complex structures
What is Homeostasis? Maintaining a stable, balanced state
What is the effect of negative feedback loop? It reverses or reduces a change, helping to keep the system stable
What is an example of negative feedback? Reducing body temperature when it gets too hot.
Name and identify the locations of the membranes associated with the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities. Thoracic: Pleural, Pericardial Abdominalpelvic: Peritoneum
What is the anatomical term that indicates a structure away from the surface? Deep
What is Cervical? Neck region
What is Carpal? Wrist
What is Femoral? Thigh
What is Patellar? Front of the knee.
What is Crural? Front of the lower leg
What is matter? Anything that has mass and takes up space.
What is a compound? When two or more different types of atoms join together with a chemical bond.
How much electron can each ring hold? Two at the first, Eight at the second and third.
What are the pH level of acids? Less than 7
What is the pH level of bases? Greater than 7
What is the pH level of salts? 7
List the major inorganic chemicals common in cells water, oxygen, carbon dioxide, electrolytes
What is the function of oxygen? Required by cells to run aerobic cellular metabolism
What is the function of carbon dioxide? Produced during cellular respiration and transported out of the cell
What is the function of electrolytes? Conduct electrical currents for nerve impulses, muscle contractions, and osmotic and pH balance.
Describe the main classes of organic molecules in cells. Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins, Nucleic Acids
Give an example of carbohydrates Glucose (used for cellular energy)
Give an example of lipids Triglycerides (fats and oils for energy storage)
Give an example of proteins Enzymes (like amylase to speed up reactions)
Give an example of Nucleic Acids DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid for genetic blueprint storage)
How do cells differ? Shape, Size, Organelles, and Function
Describe the general characteristics of a composite cell. Cell membrane, Cytoplasm, Nucleus
Explain how the components of a cell’s membrane provide its functions. The cell membrane components work together to control what comes in and out of the cell.
What is the function of the rough ER synthesizes and folds proteins.
What is the function of the smooth ER synthesizes lipids and detoxifies poisons.
What is the function of lysosomes breaks down waste, foreign invaders, and worn-out cell parts.
Explain how substances move into and out of cells. Through the cell membrane using active/passive transport
Types and differences of Passive Transport and Active Transport Passive moves with the concentration gradient (no energy) Active moves against the concentration gradient (energy required)
Explain how two differentiated cell types can have the same genetic information, but different appearances and functions Using different gene expresions
Distinguish between apoptosis and necrosis. Apoptosis is programmed, controlled cell self-destruction.
Describe the role of enzymes in metabolic reactions Speed up chemical reactions
Identify the source and purpose of biological energy Sun, ATP; for chemical work
Differences and locations of Aerobic and Anaerobic respiration. Aerobic needs oxygen, and produces large amounts of energy; Aerobic takes place in mitochondria, and anaerobic takes place in the cytoplasm
Compare and contrast DNA and RNA DNA uses thymine, while RNA uses Uracil
List the four major tissue types in the body, then indicate locations and functions of each type. epithelial (Outer layer of skin; protect, absorb, secrete) , connective (Cartilage; supports and binds), muscular (bones, heart, hollow organs; contracts to move), nervous (Brain; sends electric signals)
Explain how glands are classified By how they release their secretions and their structural organization.
Describe the general characteristics of connective tissue. The most abundant and widely distributed tissue in the human body, cells suspended in a non-living extracellular matrix
Compare and contrast the ground substance, cells, and fibers in different types of connective tissue. Fluid: Blood Connective: Fibroblast Supportive: Chondrocytes and Osteocytes
Describe and locate each of the four types of membranes. mucous, serous, cutaneous, and synovial membranes.
Distinguish among the three types of muscle tissue. Cardial, Skeletal, Smooth
Created by: Angel Guerrero
 

 



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