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Patho Exam 1 SG
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Vascular phase vs Cellular phase | Vascular phase is the initial vasoconstriction and increased vascular permability Cellular phase signals to attract WBCs, WBCs head to the area of injury |
| Vascular Permeability | Dilates blood vessels via histamine and bradykinin WBC's phagocytosis the debris |
| Steps in the WBC response | 1. Chemotaxis attracts WBCs 2. Leukocytosis increases WBC number 3. Margination (WBC link up along endothelium) 3. Neutrophils predominate in first 6-24 hrs 4. Monocytes replace neutrophils. 24-48 hours change into macrophages 5. Mediators |
| Purpose of inflammatory mediators | Signaling proteins that communicate messages between cells, triggering processes and the release of hormones and other substances |
| Acute phase of inflammation | BVs widen and become leakier to let fluid and immune cells reach the damaged tissue Cellular Phase: WBCs rush to the site to clear out debris, bacteria, and dead cells Resolution: Once the threat is gone, the inflammation stops and tissue repair begins |
| Stages of wound | Inflammation and clot formatin Macrophages clean up Collagen strengthens the area as it heals, replacing with new CT |
| Systemic response to inflammation | Chemical mediators • TNF-alpha • Prostaglandins • Interleukins -Fever, lymphadenopathy, anorexia - Sleepiness, lethargy, anemia - Weight Loss |
| What are the effects of COX 1 | Helpful PGs, gastric mucus, platelet adhesion |
| What are the effects of COX 2 | Harmful PGs, inflammation, Pain |
| What are the effects of leukotrines | Bronchiole inflammation |
| Differentiation....good or bad | good. cancer cells will look similar |
| Apoptosis | Programmed cell death |
| Neoplasia | "New growth" tumor |
| Anaplasia | cells that lose their specialized features and mature structure, reverting to a primitive, undifferentiated state |
| Metaplasia | a reversible process where one mature cell type is replaced by a different mature cell type in response to chronic stress, irritation, or injury |
| Difference between benign and malignant lesions or tumors | Benign tumors are non-cancerous and stay in one place, while malignant tumors are cancerous and can spread to other parts of the body |
| 3 stages of carcinogenesis | 1. Initiation- alteration in a gene or genes 2. Promotion- Relatively length and reversible. pre-neoplastic cells accumulate 3. Progression- Phase between a premalignant lesion and the development of cancer |
| What is cachexia | Progressive loss of body fat and lean body mass |
| How does cachexia work | by creating a severe imbalance where your body burns energy much faster than it can take it in, leading to involuntary loss of muscle and fat Cytokines and mediators released by WBC |
| How does chemotherapy work | By killing off rapidly multiplying cells (skin, hair, gastric, bone marrow cells too) |
| How biological therapy works against cancer cells | uses substances made from living organisms or in a lab to harness the body's immune system or target specific mechanisms to fight cancer cells Ex: - CAR-T therapy - |
| Compare myeloid cells and lymphoid cells: What do they mature into | Myeloids turn into RBCs, platelets, and innate immune cells Lymphoids turn into T cells, B cells, and natural killers |
| Neutrophils | They are the first responders of white blood cells. They fight bacterial and fungal infections |
| Monocytes | Monocytes are white blood cells that clean up cell debris during an infection. They also help alert other white blood cells to harmful intruders in your body, like bacteria and viruses. |
| Lymphocytes | Lymphocytes are a type of white blood cell that fights viral infections and helps your immune system remember previous infections. This prepares your body so it can better fight off the same kind of infection in the future. |
| Eosinophils | These white blood cells fight parasitic infections and cause allergic reactions. |
| Basophils | Basophils are a type of white blood cell that releases histamine during allergic reactions and heparin, which prevents blood from clotting. |
| What is a shift to the left? | means your body is releasing a high number of immature white blood cells (specifically neutrophils, often called bands) into the bloodstream |
| More on shift to the left (where the term comes from) | The term comes from older laboratory report formats where mature cells were listed on the right and immature precursor cells were listed on the left. An increase in the left-hand column created a "shift to the left." |
| what are the 5 antibodies produced | 1. IgG 2. IgM 3. IgA 4. IgE 5. IgD |
| IgG role | Earliest Ig response |
| IgM role | Most abundant Ig |
| IgA role | Mucosal secretions: breast milk, sweat, saliva, tears |
| IgD role | Hypersensitivity reaction: GI tract, skin, respiratory tract |
| IgE role | Involved in allergies |
| What are the 3 goals of a vaccine? | - Exposure to antigen (non-disease causing) - Provoke immune response - Produce memory cells WITHOUT disease manifestation |
| What does an antibody titer represent or show us? | Presence and level of antibodies Antibody presence indicates exposure to disease/antigen (as in vaccines) Can be used to indicate immunity |
| What are the 4 hypersensisitivy types | 1. Immediate (allergies) 2. Cytotoxic 3. Immune complex 4. Delayed n |
| Type 1 Allergic response (4) | 1. Sensitization- first exposure 2. Re-exposure- allergen locks onto the waiting IgE antibodies on the mast cell 3. Degranulation- Chemical release. Histamine is released 4. Symptoms appear |
| Type 2 Cytotxic | Igs attack antigens on cell Cell lysis result |
| Type 3 Immune complex | Antigen-antibody complex deposited in tissues IMMUNE COMPLEX |
| Type 4 Delayed | T-cell mediated Previous exposure to antigen primes the T cells |
| Anaphylaxis | Severe, life-threatening response Death can happen within minutes Overwhelming response to allergy mediators |
| Anaphylaxis symptoms | airway swelling and severe drops in blood pressure |
Created by:
liladdoyle