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Lecture 9 Ecology
Lecture 9
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Social Behavior | Interactions between same species |
| Fitness impact: Altruism (selflessness) | Deliberate pursuit of the interests/welfare of others |
| Fitness impact: Cooperation | Exchange of resources or other forms of assistance |
| Fitness impact: Selfishness | Prioritizing your own welfare and disregarding others |
| Behavioral ecology | Interactions between organisms and the environment mediated by behavior |
| Sociobiology | Branch of biology studying social systems |
| Animal behavior: Stimulus-response | Animal behavior where a specific stimulus elicits a specific response |
| Animal behavior: Communication | Alarm, territory, reproduction |
| Sexes | Gametes and reproduction are energetically expensive, limited by resources and mating opportunities. Not only males and females |
| Sexual Dimorphism | Males and females of same species looking different ex: male peacocks have large feathers, females have smaller |
| Secondary sexual characteristics | Differ between sexes, not directly involved in reproduction. ex: peacock's colorful tail help attract mates but aren't involved in reproduction. |
| Sexual selection: Bateman's principle | Males compete more for mates, while females are more selective about which males they mate with. Traits that help males attract females become favored through sexual selection. |
| Sexual selection | Differences in reproductive rates among individuals as a result of differences in mating success. |
| Intersexual selection | Female choice based on a particular trait |
| Intrasexual selection | Male-male competition. May involve agnostic behavior relating to fighting. |
| Mating systems: monogamy | male+female |
| Mating systems: Polyandry | female+ multiple males. Benefits female bc she can receive more resources/parental care. Nuptial gifts. |
| Mating systems: Polygyny | male+multiple females. most common bc males gain more reproductive success by defending a group of females (harem) or defending resources that attract females. |
| Mating systems: Polygynandry | multiple males+multiple females |
| Nuptial gifts | food item/resource that male gives female during courtship/mating. |
| Sociality | Group living and cooperating with same species. Involves cooperative feeding, defense, and restricted reproductive opportunities. |
| Prosociality | Behaviors that benefit others |
| Eusociality | Division of group roles in complex social structures. ex: bees having workers, soldiers, reproductive queen |
| Cooperative Breeders | Individuals help raise each other's young, even if they aren't the parents. |
| Cooperative Breeders: why do helpers help? | Kin selection (pass on shared genes) Inclusive fitness (genetic success) Inherited territory Future mates Larger group |
| Kin selection | Favor reproductive success of an organism's relatives, even at a cost to their own survival and/or reproduction. |
| Hamilton's rule | Selection favors diverting resources to kin when benefits exceed costs to the helper's fitness. |
| rB-C>0 | r=genetic relatedness B=reproductive benefit to recipient C= reproductive cost to helper |
| Haplodiploidy | In bees, wasps, and ants, females come from fertilized eggs (diploid) while males come from unfertilized eggs (haploid) |
| Territory | Any area defended by one or more individuals against intrusion of others. |
| Home range | Portion of habitat that is used by an individual on a daily or seasonal basis. Increases with body size. "where I go" |
| Territoriality | The behavior of defending a territory |
| Patch size vs species movement | How much of the environment an animal experiences while moving around |
| Fine-grained | Animal moves far compared to patch size (crosses many small patches and experiences lots of different environmental conditions) Small patches->more variation |
| Coarse- grained | Animal moves short distances compared to patch size (stays within one large path and experiences mostly same environmental conditions) Big patches->less variation |
| Group augmentation | As group sizes increases, growth, foraging and breeding success, and survival of all members may increase. Younger animals increase survival by waiting in natal group (birth group) |
| Dominance hierarchies | Orderly ranking of individuals in a group based on outcome of aggressive encounters. |
| Eusociality (3 major characteristics) | Individuals of more than one generation living together Cooperative care of young Division of individuals into non-reproductive and reproductive castes (role) Extremely rare in vertebrates |
Created by:
Brookelol