Help
Options
Didn't know it?
click below
click below
Knew it?
click below
click below
Don't Know
Remaining cards (0)
Know
retry
shuffle
restart
0:00
Embed Code - If you would like this activity on your web page, copy the script below and paste it into your web page.
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Stack #4717255
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is periodization? | The historian's effort to manage time and make change and continuity over time more intelligible and manageable. |
| Why is periodization important? | It organizes history into periods so changes and continuities over time are easier to understand. |
| What are challenges in world history periodization? | Regional variations, topical inconsistency, Eurocentrism, overlapping timelines, global vs. local perspectives, and contemporary relevance. |
| What are universal characteristics for world history periodization? | Inter-regional encounters, shifts in power balances, environmental and demographic changes, and cultural and intellectual developments. |
| What does BCE mean? | Before Common Era. |
| What does CE mean? | Common Era. |
| What does BC mean? | Before Christ. |
| What does AD mean? | Anno Domini, Latin for "In the year of our Lord." |
| What is the Prehistory period? | Approximately 3 million years ago to 3,500 BCE. |
| What is the Early Civilization Era? | 3500–600 BCE. |
| What is the Classical Societies period? | 600 BCE–600 CE. |
| What is the Post-Classical Developments period? | 600–1450 CE. |
| What is the Early Modern period? | 1450–1750. |
| What is the Long Nineteenth Century? | 1750–1914. |
| What is the Contemporary period? | 1914–present. |
| What are creation narratives? | Explanations about the origins of the world and humanity arising from social, cultural, religious, and scientific traditions. |
| What is the modern scientific creation narrative? | The Big Bang and human evolution. |
| What sciences help explain Earth's and humanity's history? | Astrophysics, geology, biology, genetics, paleoanthropology, oceanography, climatology, archaeology, and linguistics. |
| What is radiocarbon dating? | A method using the decay of C14 to determine the age of organic remains up to about 40,000 years old. |
| What is the potassium-argon method? | A method measuring the ratio of potassium to argon to date nonliving objects up to about a million years old. |
| What is uranium-thorium dating? | A method used to date objects such as shells, teeth, and bones up to about 500,000 years old. |
| What is bipedalism? | Walking on two legs, freeing the hands and arms to carry objects and hurl weapons. |
| What are major traits of hominins? | Bipedalism, control and use of fire, toolmaking, cognitive skills and enlarged brains, language capacity, and consciousness of self. |
| What is evolution? | The historical process of change in living organisms. |
| What is adaptation? | A characteristic or process that helps an organism survive and reproduce in its environment. |
| What is natural selection? | The process through which traits that improve survival and reproduction become more common in populations. |
| What is the Stone Age? | A period characterized by the creation and use of stone tools. |
| When do the oldest known stone tools date to? | About 3.3 million years ago. |
| What are the three periods of the Stone Age? | Paleolithic, Mesolithic, and Neolithic. |
| What characterized the Paleolithic Period? | Simple chipped stone tools, hunter-gatherer lifestyle, development of language, art, and symbolic behavior. |
| What characterized the Mesolithic Period? | More refined stone tools, domestication of dogs, and transition toward a settled lifestyle. |
| What characterized the Neolithic Period? | Domestication of plants and animals, megalithic structures, permanent settlements and villages, and complex social organizations. |
| When did the Neolithic Period begin? | Around 10,000 BCE. |
| What is the Neolithic Revolution? | The first Agricultural Revolution, marked by the domestication of wild plants and animals. |
| When did the Neolithic Revolution occur? | About 12,000 years ago. |
| What caused or contributed to the Neolithic Revolution? | Climate change and population pressures, among other reasons. |
| What major lifestyle change occurred during the Neolithic Revolution? | Humanity slowly transitioned from hunting, gathering, and foraging to farming and herding. |
| Did the Neolithic Revolution happen everywhere at the same time? | No. It occurred independently across multiple regions over thousands of years. |
| What is settled agriculture? | Using human and animal labor with specialized tools to work a fixed plot of land for more than one growing cycle. |
| What did settled agriculture facilitate? | Food security and food storage. |
| What is pastoralism? | A way of life in which humans raise and herd livestock and use products such as meat and milk. |
| What are the two major forms of pastoralism? | Nomadic pastoralism and transhumant pastoralism. |
| Around when did pastoralism occur? | Around 5,500 BCE. |
| What are three aspects of social organization discussed in the lecture? | Gender roles, specialized craftsmanship, and social stratification. |
| What characterized the formation of urban societies from 3500–2000 BCE? | Technological innovations, monumental architecture, religious and political systems, writing and transportation, and hierarchical social structures. |
| Why did early villages and cities emerge along river basins? | Fresh water, fertile soils, reliable food production, and transportation networks. |
| Which rivers were associated with early civilizations? | The Tigris and Euphrates, Nile, Indus, Yangzi, and Yellow Rivers. |
| What is Mesopotamia? | The land between the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers. |
| What does the word Mesopotamia mean? | “The land between two rivers.” |
| Which modern regions are included in Mesopotamia? | Modern Iraq, eastern Syria, and southeastern Turkey. |
| Which civilizations populated Mesopotamia? | Sumerians, Akkadians, Babylonians, Assyrians, and Hurrians. |
| What were Sumerian city-states? | Independent city-states such as Uruk, Eridu, Nippur, Ur, and Lagash. |
| Who united the Sumerian city-states under the Akkadian Empire? | Sargon the Great. |
| What was Uruk? | A city in southern Mesopotamia considered the world's earliest city. |
| What characterized Uruk? | Monumental public buildings and temples, sophisticated commerce, and administration. |
| What was the typical layout of a Sumerian city-state? | A central canal surrounded by neighborhoods, a central temple, and palaces and official buildings around the periphery. |
| What type of religion did Sumerian city-states practice? | Polytheistic religion. |
| What was cuneiform? | An early writing system that developed through increasingly sophisticated methods of recording and sharing information. |
| What were tablets and stelae? | Early examples of historical sources. |
| What was Egypt called in the lecture? | “The Gift of the Nile.” |
| Why was the Nile important to Egypt? | It provided a gentle and bountiful source of water in an environment with deserts, sea, and limited cultivable land. |
| How was ancient Egypt politically organized? | As a unified state under a single ruler, the king or later pharaoh. |
| What was the pharaoh responsible for? | Maintaining cosmic order, or ma'at, pleasing the gods, and protecting subjects from invasions. |
| What was the social hierarchy of ancient Egypt? | Gods, pharaohs, priests, and the rest of humanity including nobles, scribes, artisans, farmers, and slaves. |
| What were pharaohs considered? | Living gods on earth and intermediaries between the divine and human worlds. |
| Why did the Old Kingdom of Egypt collapse? | A prolonged drought around 2200 BCE. |
| What happened after Egypt's drought ended? | The Nile's floodwaters and agricultural yields returned to normal and the Middle Kingdom was established. |
| When was the Middle Kingdom of Egypt? | 2055–1650 BCE. |
| Where did the pharaohs of the Middle Kingdom consolidate power? | At Thebes over Upper Egypt. |
| Who established a new model of kingship during the Middle Kingdom? | Amenemhet I. |
| What was Amenemhet I's model of kingship based on? | An alliance between the gods and kings to shepherd the people of Egypt. |
| What group became significantly influential during the Middle Kingdom? | Merchants. |
| What weakened the Middle Kingdom? | The invasions of the Hyksos around 1640 BCE. |
| When was the New Kingdom of Egypt? | 1550–1070 BCE. |
| Who defeated the Hyksos? | Ahmosis. |
| What was the New Kingdom known for? | Bureaucracy, taxation, and transregional connectivity. |
| Who was Hatshepsut? | A powerful woman who ruled Egypt for about two decades during the New Kingdom. |
| Who expanded Egypt toward Palestine? | Thutmosis III. |
| Who expanded Egypt toward Syria? | Ramses II. |
| What military technology helped Egypt expand? | Large numbers of chariots. |
| What caused turmoil in Southwest Asia around the end of the third millennium BCE? | Severe drought, reduced harvests, and invasions by transhumant herders. |
| What was the Old Babylonian Empire? | An empire established by the Amorites and centered around Babylon in southern Mesopotamia. |
| Who was Hammurabi? | A powerful king of the Old Babylonian Empire who ruled from 1792–1750 BCE. |
| What did Hammurabi's Code do? | Created a new social and legal order and helped unify the empire. |
| What is the principle of "eye for an eye"? | Punishments for crimes correspond directly to the severity of the offense. |
| What three classes did Hammurabi's Code recognize? | Free, dependent, and enslaved people. |
| What was the Epic of Gilgamesh? | One of the earliest surviving works of literature. |
| When was the Epic of Gilgamesh created? | During the Old Babylonian period, between 2000 and 1600 BCE. |
| How was the Epic of Gilgamesh preserved? | On tablets of baked clay. |
| Who were the Hittites? | Chariot warriors who established a territorial kingdom in Anatolia. |
| What happened at the Battle of Qadesh? | The Hittites and Egyptians fought in 1274 BCE and eventually signed a peace treaty. |
| Why is the Qadesh treaty significant? | It is the oldest surviving peace treaty. |
| What was the Shang dynasty? | A dynasty established around 1600 BCE in northeastern China. |
| What technologies and practices characterized the Shang? | Copper metallurgy, pottery, walled towns, divination using animal bones, hereditary rulers, chariots, infantry warfare, rituals, and writing. |
| What was the Harappan Civilization? | An ancient civilization associated with the Indus River Valley. |
| What were two major cities of the Harappan Civilization? | Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro. |
| What was Anatolia? | A region that served as a bridge between Europe and Asia. |
| Which regions did Anatolia connect? | The Black Sea, Aegean Sea, and Mediterranean Sea. |
| When did cities begin emerging across central and western Anatolia? | Around 3000–2500 BCE during the Early Bronze Age. |
| How did European agrarian communities differ from Mesopotamia and Egypt? | They developed organically from individual households rather than centralized city-states or dynasties. |
| What formed the foundation of early European civilization? | Small-scale farming communities. |
| What characterized early European societies? | They remained predominantly rural with limited urbanization. |
| What were important developments in early Europe? | Flint mining, agriculture, animal husbandry, pottery, monumental architecture, warfare, social stratification, and trans-regional exchange with Anatolia. |
| What climate trend affected Afro-Eurasia between 2000–1200 BCE? | A warming and drying trend. |
| Which regions were affected by this climate change? | Egypt, Anatolia, Mesopotamia, and the Indus Valley. |
| What were effects of prolonged droughts? | Lower agricultural yields, food shortages, hunger, famine, and political and economic instability. |
| What diseases could accompany climate-driven changes? | Diseases such as plague caused by Yersinia pestis. |
| How can cave deposits provide evidence of past climate change? | Through dating and analysis of oxygen and carbon isotopes. |
| What can lake and marine sediment cores reveal? | Changes in moisture availability over time. |
| What can ice cores reveal? | Records of volcanic eruptions and atmospheric concentrations of various elements. |
| What do tree rings reveal? | Fluctuations in average annual temperatures. |
| What are transhumant herders? | Pastoralists who move seasonally between lowlands and highlands near city-states and trade animal products for urban goods. |
| What are pastoral nomads? | Pastoralists who move continuously with their herds across large areas and facilitate long-distance trade. |
| How did nomadic movement affect settled societies? | It created pressure for better-watered lands and sustenance and contributed to migration and settlement in agrarian heartlands. |
| How did nomadic movement contribute to territorial states? | It facilitated the rise of centralized kingdoms with rulers, large territories, borders, bureaucratic organizations, and legal codes. |
| What technology did pastoral nomads introduce? | The horse-drawn chariot. |
| When was the horse harness developed? | During the late third millennium BCE. |
| When was the chariot invented? | Around 2000 BCE. |
| When did early empires replace territorial states across Afro-Eurasia? | Between 1250 BCE and 325 BCE. |
| What four pressures facilitated the rise of early empires? | Climate change, migrations, new technologies, and new administrative mechanisms. |
| When did the Neo-Assyrian Empire exist? | 911–612 BCE. |
| Where was the Neo-Assyrian Empire centered? | Present-day Iraq. |
| What happened to the Neo-Assyrian Empire? | It collapsed in 612 BCE, primarily due to internal revolts. |
| What cities were associated with the Neo-Assyrian Empire? | Ashur, Nineveh, Arbela, and Nimrud (Kalhu). |
| How did the Neo-Assyrian Empire control provinces? | Through centrally appointed officials. |
| How was Neo-Assyrian society organized? | King, military elites and nobles, peasants, and enslaved individuals. |
| What characterized Neo-Assyrian expansion? | Expansion, exploitation, and inequality. |
| How did the Neo-Assyrians use forced labor? | Subjugated peoples were forced to work in agriculture and construction. |
| When did the Persian Achaemenid Empire exist? | 560–331 BCE. |
| Who founded the Persian Empire? | Cyrus the Great. |
| How far did the Persian Empire stretch? | From the Indus Valley to northern Greece and from Central Asia to southern Egypt. |
| Who was Darius I? | A Persian ruler who consolidated imperial power through central and local administration, loyalty, and tribute. |
| What were satrapies? | Provinces of the Persian Empire ruled by satraps, or governors. |
| What did Darius I establish economically? | Fixed taxation, formal tribute allocations, standardized currency, and standard weights and measures. |
| What was the Royal Road? | A road connecting Western Anatolia to Southwestern Iran. |
| What were qanats? | Underground tunnels used to channel and store water over long distances. |
| What canal did Darius build? | A canal connecting the Nile River to the Red Sea. |
| What was the religion of the Persian Empire? | Zoroastrianism. |
| Who founded Zoroastrianism? | Zoroaster. |
| What is the Avesta? | The main source for the teachings of Zoroaster. |
| Who is Ahura Mazda? | The god who created the world. |
| Who is Ahriman? | Ahura Mazda's adversary. |
| What cosmic struggle exists in Zoroastrianism? | Light and truth versus darkness and lies. |
| How was Persian society organized? | Ruling class, administrative and commercial class, artisans, and peasants. |
| How did the Persian Empire collapse? | It was weakened by Greek city-states and conquered by Alexander the Great's invading army in 331 BCE. |
| What was the Zhou State? | The successor to the Shang State. |
| What were the two major periods of the Zhou State? | Western Zhou and Eastern Zhou. |
| When was the Western Zhou period? | 1046–771 BCE. |
| When was the Eastern Zhou period? | 771–256 BCE. |
| What were the two periods within the Eastern Zhou? | The Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period. |
| What was the Mandate of Heaven? | The Zhou kings' claim that their authority was supported by heaven, centered on ancestor worship and divine ancestry. |
| What agricultural innovations did the Zhou develop? | Iron plows, irrigation networks, and canals. |
| How was Zhou society hierarchically organized? | Kings, nobles, regional lords, and commoners. |
| What happened to the Zhou State? | It was replaced by the Qin State. |
| What happened in South Asia around 600 BCE? | Vedic peoples migrated into the Ganges Valley, cleared land, established cities and trade routes, expanded rice cultivation, and experimented with political forms. |
| What two types of states appeared in the Middle and Lower Ganges plain? | Hereditary monarchies and oligarchies. |
| What were gana-sanghas? | Oligarchies ruled by an elected elite, specifically a ruling Kshatriya clan. |
| What is the Varna System? | An ideal social order rooted in the Vedas that defined social roles based on attributes and occupation. |
| What are the four varnas? | Brahman priests, Kshatriya warriors, Vaishya commoners, and Shudra laborers. |
| What is the Jathi System? | A social system rigidly based on birth, lineage, and occupation. |
| How did the Jathi System relate to the Varna System? | It developed alongside the older fourfold varnas and created a ranked social order. |
Created by:
808kadynt