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Bio 107 Quiz One
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Fact | What we observe in the natural world. e.g. plants placed near the window will grow towards the sunlight |
| Hypothesis | A testable explanation of the observation. e.g. if a plant bends toward light because it is trying to maximize photosynthesis, than a plant exposed to light from only one side will grow toward that side |
| Theory | A well tested, broad explanation for a natural phenomenon that is strongly supported by a large body of evidence. e.g. the theory of phototropism explain that plants detect light and use hormones called auxins to direct growth toward the light source |
| The Process of Science | Hypothesis (testable statement that proposes an explanation) -> Prediction ("If...then...") ->Testing (experimentation and observation) -> Observation (generate questions) -> |
| Scatterplot | What is the relationship between the two variables? |
| Age of the Earth | 4.6 billion years old |
| How do we know the age of stratigraphic layers? | Stratigraphy reveals relative ages. Radioisotopes reveal actual ages. |
| Ratio of parent to daughter isotopes provides age. | Radioactive isotopes are unstable and will decay (change) at a predictable rate. |
| How isotopes tell us a date | The ratio of a parent radioactive isotope to its stable decay product (daughter isotope), along with the known halflife of the parent isotope, allows scientists to calculate the time elapsed. |
| 4 eons divided into eras and periods | Hadean: before life evolved Archean: early life, ended with the evolution of photosynthesis Proterozoic: prokeryotes diversified, first eukaryote fossils (end of precambrian) Phanerozoic: multicelular eukaryotes diversified |
| Earths biological diversity is related to the physical environment. | Land masses have moved. Climate has vaired drastically. Sea levels have varied drastically. Atmospheric composition has changed. |
| The Earths crust is divided into techtonic plates that move over time. | Techtonic movements shape the earths structure and influence the environment. (mountain formation, changing bodies of water, volcanoes, earthquakes, ocean circulation, global climate) All of these factors can influence the distribution/abundance of life. |
| Hadean and Archean | For about 2 billion years earths atmosphere did not contain oxygen (primarily nitrogen, hydrogen, and ammonia). All early life forms must have used anaerobic metabolism (producing energy without oxygen). |
| The Great Oxygenation | proterizoic eon, photosynthetic bacteria (cyanobacteria) able to split water and use hydrogen ions for photosynthesis-releases oxygen, lateral gene transfer even led to evolution of photosynthetic plants and algae, oxygen accumulation takes a long time |
| Evolution of Aerobic Metabolism (towards the end of the proterizoic era) | overtime aerobic organisms replaced anaerobic organisms in most of earths environments |
| The Boring Billion | O2 levels maintained stable for a billion years, mainly a microbial world, lots of techtonic movement (formation of two supercontinants during this time), origin of chloroplasts ~1.5 bya |
| Diversification of life near end of Proterozoic | tectonic movements resulted in climate changes, burial of organic matter changed balance of respiration & photosynthesis, O2 levels increased dramatically, multicellular life appears (~600-700mya), pre-cambrian fossils found, stationary aquatic organisms |
| The Cambrian Explosion (540 mya) | life is still entirely aquatic, evolution of complex and organized body plans, development of some key evolutionary innovations such as vision, rise of predation initiated a range of predator prey adaptations |
| The Ozone laye allowed the expansion of life on land. | as oxygen accumulated the ozone layer formed, ozone=O3, protected earth from uv radiation, formed ~500 mya |
| first terrestrial plants ~470 mya | land plants fundamentally changed the planet, further oxygenation of the atmosphere, soil formation, new types of environments |
| carbon sequestration | carbon from atmosphere now stored in plant tissue |
| Oxygen rises through the Carboniferous and Permian Periods | oxygen levels rise again as forests dominate the landscape,pangea forms, evolution and diversification of large land plants while O2 levels are high |
| first terrestrial vertebrates during the carboniferous | made possible by the evolution of the amniotic egg |
| period ends witha rapid drop in o2, the great dying | mass extinction event ~250 mya, rapid death and decay of forests, burial of organic matter-> eventually fossil fuels, multiple causes including volcanic eruptions and meteor strikes |
| oxygen levels slowly recover after the permian-triassic extinction | dinasours went extinct 66 mya, large mammals arose around the same time, mammals evolved 225 mya but they were generally small |
| hominid evolution | first hominids 6-7 mya, earliest humans 2.8 mya |
| extinction | the last individual of a group dies and no representation of the lineage remains on earth |
| mass extinction | when a large portion of species go extinct in a short period of time, go extinct more quickly than they are replaced by a new species |
| causes of historic mass extinctions | volanic activity, meteor strikes, continental movement, temperature, O2 and CO2 in the atmosphere, sea level changes (5 mass extinctions have occurred) |
| background extinction rates | normal extinction |
| destruction | less area for species to exist, reduced resource availability |
| degradation | shift in conditions makes habitat less suitable |
| fragmentation | smaller population sizes may mean less genetic diversity |
| phylogenetics | the study of evolutionary relationships among organisms |
| lineage | series of ancestor and decendent population |
| taxon | any group designated with a name |
| clade | any taxon that consists of all the evolutionary descendants off a common ancestor |
| paraphyletic | a group that does not include all of the decendents of a common ancestor |
| polyphyletic | a group that does not include its common ancestor |
| monophyletic | containing an ancestor and all descendants of that common ancestor, and no other organisms (clade) |
| derived | evolved form of a trait |
| synapomorphies | shared derived traits |
| homologous traits | inherited from a common ancestor, shared by two or more species, they can be any heritable traits |
| homoplasies | similar traits resulting from a process other than inheritance from a common ancestor |
| convergent evolution | when similar traits evolve independantly in different lineages |
| evolutionary reversal | character reverts from a derived state back to an ancesteral state |
| prinsiple of parsimony | the prefered explanation of observed data is the simples explanation, the tree that minimizes the number of evolutionary changes is the prefered hypothesis |
Created by:
sarahebradley06