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AP World Ch 1-2
vocab
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Patriarchy | Male dominance in social life |
| Hinduism | Prominent religion in India, no founder |
| Upanishads | Sacred texts about Brahman, the World Soul, and the final reality |
| Caste System | Social tiers decided from birth, includes Brahmins, Kshatriyas, Vaishyas, Sudras, and Dalits |
| Moksha | Achieving union with Brahman to end Samsara |
| Samsara | Idea that achieving Moksha required multiple lifetimes, reincarnating until you do |
| Karma | Culmination of every pure dead, the higher the karma, the higher the status in the next reincarnation |
| Siddhartha Gautama | Buddha, Born a prince but saw sickness, age, and death, walks middle path, achieved nirvana |
| Nirvana | Highest state of enlightenment, getting rid of all desires |
| Theravada Buddhism | Buddha was not divine, but he was a wise teacher, focused on monks |
| Mahayana Buddhism | Buddha was a sort of god, anybody can become a Buddha |
| Bodhisattvas | Enlightened beings who help the suffering humans |
| Bhakti Movement | Devotion of one of India's many gods/goddesses, rebelled against castes |
| Confuscianism | Founded by Confuscius, has 4 main principles Ceremony and rituals are important Respect parents Respect superiors Knowledge can be more important than creativity 5 Virtues are benevolence, righteousness, ritual propriety, wisdom, and integrity |
| Daoism | Education and moral improvement are pointless Withdraw into nature, behave unpredictably |
| Judaism | Earlist Abrahamic religion, monotheistic, one all powerful, jealous god |
| Christianity | Founded by Jesus of Nazarath, Saint Paul spread teachings after his execution, many branches including Latin, Roman Catholic, Eastern Orthodox |
| Islam | Emerged from Arabian Peninsula, one god in Allah, Quran, denounced predatory practices in Mecca |
| Muhammad | A trader from Mecca, troubled by corruption in Mecca, had religious experience, wrote Quran over 22 years, last prophet out of a line |
| Umma | Morality of Islam, believed all believers were spiritually equal, community |
| Ulama | Scholars, main religious transmitters, many different jobs, interpreted Quran |
| Sharia | Islamic law taught by Ulama, instructions for daily life |
| Sufism | Sought personal experience of divine, aimed to achieve spiritual union with Allah |
| Song Dynasty | Ruled over China for over 300 years, renaissance, reused parts of past dynasties |
| Hangzhou | Capital of Song Dynasty era China |
| Grand Canal | Link Yellow and Yangzi, Built to transport grain |
| Champa Rice | Strain of rice from Vietnam, grew and ripened quickly, resistant to drought |
| Foot Binding | Binding of young girls' feet, often broke bones, small size and frailty, women belonged in inner quarters |
| Tributary System | Countries required to acknowledge China as superior state, gave and recieved gifts |
| Srivijaya Empire | Indonesia, based on sea trade, religious trade for Mahayana Buddhism |
| Madjapahit Empire | Indonesia, founded by prince of Singhasari, declined after death of Gajah Mada |
| Abbasid Calpihate | Arab dynasty ruling in 1200, Local commanders and governors maintained autonomy |
| Seljuk Turkic Empire | Many rulers switched titles from Kaghan (Turkish) to Sultan (Muslim), many converted to Islam |
| Ottoman Empire | United Middle East and North Africa, Diverse people, Sword of Islam |
| Mali | West Africa, monopolized imports to succeed |
| Trans-Saharan Slave Trade | Many kings transported slaves across the Sahara desert to exchange for European imports |
| Timbuktu | A successful center of culture and education in Mali, Niger Delta, Agricultural and Trading zone |
| Byzantine EMpire | Christian, extension of Roman Empire, affected Rus |
| Kievan Rus | Largest state in medieval Europe, access to variety of materials, easy in invade due to a lack of natural barriers |
| Eastern Orthodox Christianity | Adopted by Prince Vladmir of Kiev to bring subjects together |
| Western Christendom | Too large for good trade routes, political unity was difficult, ideal climate and water |
| Feudalism | Lords and kings had power over lesser lords and knights who swore loyalty, vassals |
| European Renaissance | Italy, Borrowed from Greek and Roman art and literature to surpass, challenged Christianity, capitalist economy |
| Maya Civilization | Guatemala, complex writing system with pictures and phonetics, advanced math with zero and place notation |
| Aztec Empire | Unstable, many rebellions, conquered people required to labor, slaves sacrificed in rituals, religion believed the sun needed blood to replenish energy and prevent darkness |
| Tenochitlan | Capital city of Aztec, tributes sent and recorded here, surrounded by chinampas |
| Chinampas | Artificial land in shallow lake beds surrounded by water, able to grow variety of crops |
| Inca Emprire | Andes Mountains, bureaucratic, 80 provinces ruled by governors, free religion if subjects acknowledge Inca deities |
| Mita | Labor service required of every household instead of taxes |
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