Help
Options
Didn't know it?
click below
click below
Knew it?
click below
click below
Don't Know
Remaining cards (0)
Know
retry
shuffle
restart
0:00
Embed Code - If you would like this activity on your web page, copy the script below and paste it into your web page.
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Normal Size Small Size show me how
ES Exam 1
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Physical Activity | movement activities of daily living such as work- and job-related activities, leisure time activities, and activities performed around the home, result in improvements of fitness and health |
| Exercise | structured movement process that individuals consciously and voluntarily engage in, activities that improve or maintain fitness and health and improve performance in a sport or athletic competition |
| Sport and athletic competition | movement in structured and organized activities that consist of a competitive aspect including all individual and team athletic events |
| Primary Source | original, purpose, who was studied, what was done, what was found, peer reviewed |
| Secondary Source | original research put together, purpose/question, description of study selection, data from multiple studies, summary of findings |
| Convert lbs to kg, celsius to fahrenheit | lbs to kg need to /2.2 kg to lbs need to x2.2 C to F or F to C use (X degrees C x 1.8 degrees F) +32= Y |
| Neg feedback | response to stimulus is to reverse changes and bring the body back to normal, very common |
| Pos feedback | accelerate response to stimulus, rare, blood clotting, uterine contractions |
| Homeostasis | balanced or stable internal environment (relatively stable), dynamic state of equilibrium, imbalance can lead to disease or death, heat stroke, cardiovascular disease, diabetes |
| Sarcomere | smallest contractile unit of a muscle, region of myofibril between two successive Z disc, composed of myofilaments made up of contractile proteins |
| Myofibril | Groups of sarcomeres, rod light, contractile elements, densely packed, most of the muscle volume, perfectly aligned in repeating series of dark A bands and light I bands, striations, make up a sarcomere |
| Sarcoplasmic reticulum | Smooth ER that surrounds each myofibril, stores and releases calcium ions to signal for contraction |
| Explain how muscle contraction happens | occurs through a calcium-dependent process and the generation of force occurs via the sliding protein filament theory |
| Motor unit | One motor neuron and all the skeletal muscle fibers innervated by that neuron, smallest function of unit, single muscle fiber can only be innervated by one motor neuron, single motor neuron can be innervated by multiple muscle fibers |
| Cardiac output | Amount of blood pumped from the heart per one minute, =HRxSV |
| Acute cardiovascular system responses to exercise that occur | Increases in heart rate, stroke volume, cardiac output, blood pressure, rate and depth of breathing, and a redirection of blood flow to the working tissues of the body |
| Acute respiratory system responses to exercise that occur | Increases in air movement into and out of the lungs and increased blood flow through the lungs |
| Endocrine sys | controls physiologic function and systems of body, wireless, slower, glands/hormones, develop insulin resistance leads to a disease called metabolic syndrome |
| Nervous sys | Control systems of body, thought process, neuron, response to acute/immediate challenges of body, disease conditions, sports performance |
| Cardiovascular sys | deliver system, transport oxygen, nutrients, hormones, electrolytes, drugs, remove waste, heart, blood vessels, blood, leading cause of death |
| Respiratory sys | Move air into and out of the lungs, regulate of acid – base balance, lung, important during exercise due to ability to exhale CO2 and regulate blood pH levels |
| Muscular sys | Provide movement and stabilize body positions, organ, contraction, and relaxation, muscle fiber- skeletal, cardiac, smooth |
| Skeletal sys | Framework, protects underline organs and tissues, lever system for movement, storage area for minerals, site of blood cell formation, mineral and cells primary |
| Integumentary sys | protects deep tissue from injury, temperature control, synthesize vitamin D, skin, hair, nails |
| Digestive sys | Transfer nutrients and water from food we eat, G.I. tract, gastric emptying rate allows glucose absorption during exercise to best occur from a 6 to 8% solution |
| Urinary sys | Elimination of waste products, regulate fluid volume, electrolyte composition, body (blood) pH, kidneys, hypertension can be influenced by increase amount of fluid removed by kidneys |
| Immune sys | Regulate the susceptibility to, severity of, and recovery from infection, abnormal, tissue growth, illness, physical, mechanical, chemical, blood, and cellular factors, physical activity and exercise can improve this system |
| Body temp - survival need | stable temp, 37 degrees C, 98.6 degrees F |
| Atmospheric pressure - survival need | adequate for gas exchange, maintain enough oxygen, decrease in pressure=decrease in O2 (thin air) |
| Blood pH - survival need | acidic or basic, measurement is indication of cone of H+ in solution, human blood=7.35-.45, gastric juice=2 |
| Nutrients - survival need | carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, water, micronutrients |
| Body water - survival need | 50-80% of body mass, most abundant |
| Chemoreceptors | changes in chemical stimuli, o2, co2, pH |
| Osmoreceptors | change in body fluid concentration, water |
| Nocireceptors | sense pain |
| Thermorecptors | change in temp |
| Baroreceptors | change in blood volume/pressure, BP maintenance |
| Mechanoreceptors | change in body positions |
| Skeletal- type of muscle | contraction causes the bones to which they are attached to move creating movement of the body parts, its ability to generate energy and heat also helps maintain an appropriate body temperature, voluntary control |
| Cardiac- type of muscle | Contraction generates the force by which the heart delivers blood to the tissues of the body, controlled by autonomic nervous sys |
| Smooth- type of muscle | Contraction regulates the movement of blood through the blood vessels, food through the digestive tract, air through the respiratory airways, and urine through the urinary tract, controlled by autonomic nervous sys |
| Type I- muscle fiber | speed= slow, energy prod- aerobic (many mitochondria), myoglobin level- high, force low, fiber diameter- small, high resistance to fatigue |
| Type IIa- muscle fiber | speed- fast, energy prod- aerobic + anaerobic, myoglobin level- moderate, force- moderate, fiber diameter- moderate |
| Type IIx- muscle fiber | speed- fastest, energy prod- anaerobic (few mitochondria), myoglobin level- low, force- high, fiber diameter- large, quick to fatigue |
| Phosphocreatine- energy sys | Anaerobic, fast, no oxygen, 10 sec, in cytosal, produce heat, H+ ions that decrease pH |
| Glycolysis- energy sys | Anaerobic, fast, no oxygen, couple minutes, in cytosal produce heat, H+ ions that decrease pH |
| aerobic respiration- energy sys | require oxygen, hours, in mitochondria, produce heat, H+ ions that decrease pH, produces the most ATP |
| Artery- major blood vessel | Carry blood away from heart, most oxygenated |
| Capillary- major blood vessel | Thin vessel to exchange nutrients and wastes with tissues, turn around point for blood flow direction |
| Vein- major blood vessel | Carry blood back to heart, most deoxygenated |
| Health related fitness | muscular strength, muscular endurance, cardiorespiratory endurance, flexibility, body composition |
| Sport performance related | agility, speed, power, balance, coordination, reaction time |
| Principles of training | individuality, progression, specificity, overload, recovery, reverseability |
| Absolute VO2 | L/min, volume of O2 consumed per min, not based on size |
| Relative VO2 | mL/kg/min, volume of O2 consumed based on size |
| Why is recovery important | need time for muscles to recover for adaptation and repair to occur |
| Size principle | describe motor unit recruitment for muscle contraction, recruited from smallest to largest depending on force needed= strength, hypertrophy, rate of force development |
| Wolff's law | bones will remodel based on stress/load under which it is placed |
| Fatigue during short dur, high int | run out of ATP, build up of acidic byproducts |
| fatigue during long dur, low int | glycogen depletion (no fuel), build up of heat cause enzymes to denature, dehydration, damage to muscle |
| Cross bridge cycle | myosin binds to actin- cross bridge form P and ADP are released for power stroke- contraction ATP attaches to myosin head to detach cross bridge Hydrolyzed ATP returns myosin head to cocked position- energized state |
| Main byproducts of all energy sys | heat, acids (decrease pH) |
| How is O2 transported in blood | hemoglobin, RBC |
| Fascicle- major muscle structure | largest, bundle of muscle fibers |
| Muscle fiber- major muscle structure | 2nd largest, cell, 3 types- 1, 2a, 2x |
| Myofibril- major muscle structure | 3rd largest, contractile unit of muscle cell, contain actin and myosin |
| Sarcomere- major muscle structure | smallest, basic contractile unit |
| Heart rate | number of times the heart rate beats in 1 min |
| Stroke volume | amount of blood pumped with each heart beat |
| VO2 max | max amount of O2 your body can consume per min |
| Lactate threshold LT | point at which blood lactate accumulation increases markedly |
| FITT | training prescription to improve health and fitness, alteration in these components help achieve the overload and progression principles, Frequency. Intensity. Time. Type. |
Created by:
hjt30