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A&P Chapter 2 Vocab
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| matter | anything that takes up space and has mass |
| element | substance that cannot be broken down into substances with different properties; composed of only one type of atom |
| atom | smallest particle of an element that displays the properties of that element |
| protons | positive subatomic particle located in the nucleus and having a weight of approx. 1 amu |
| neutrons | neutral subatomic particle located in the nucleus and having a weight of approx. 1 amu |
| electrons | negative subatomic particle, moving about in an energy level around the nucleus |
| electron shell | average location/energy level of an electron in an atom |
| atomic number | number of protons within the nucleus of an atom |
| mass number | the sum of the number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus of an atom |
| isotopes | atoms with the same atomic number but a different atomic mass due to a different number of neutrons |
| radioisotopes | unstable form of an atom that spontaneously emits radiation In the form of radioactive particles/radiant energy |
| molecule | union of 2 or more atoms of the same element; also the smallest part of a compound that retains the properties of a compound |
| compound | substance having two or more different elements united chemically in a fixed ratio |
| valence shell | the outermost energy shell of an atom; the location of electrons that participate in chemical reactions |
| ions | charged particle that carries a negative or positive charge |
| ionic bond | chemical bond in which ions are attracted to one another by opposite charges |
| covalent bonds | chemical bond in which atoms share one pair of electrons |
| hydrogen bond | weak bond; arises between a slightly positive hydrogen atom of one molecule and a slightly negative hydrogen atom of another, or between parts of the same molecule |
| calorie | amount of heat energy required to raise the temperature of 1g of water to 1 degree celsius |
| hydrophilic | type of molecule that interacts with water by dissolving water and/or forming hydrogen bonds with water molecules |
| hydrophobic | type of molecule that does not interact with water because it is non polar |
| non polar | molecules in which the electrons are evenly shared between the atoms in the molecule |
| adhesion | the ability of water molecules to adhere to polar surfaces due to hydrogen bonding |
| acids | molecules that raise the hydrogen ion concentration in a solution and lower its pH numerically |
| pH scale | measurement scale for hydrogen ion concentration; logarithmic scale |
| buffers | substance/group of substances |
| cohesion | the ability of water molecules to stick to one another |
| organic molecules | type of molecule that contains carbon and hydrogen and often contains oxygen |
| macromolecules | extremely large biological molecule; refers specifically to proteins, nucleic acids, polysaccharides, lipids, and complexes of these |
| dehydration reaction | chemical reaction resulting in a covalent bond with the accompanying loss of a water molecule |
| hydrolysis reaction | splitting of a compound by the addition of water, with the H+ being incorporated in one fragment and OH- in the other |
| carbohydrates | class of organic compounds that includes mono, di, and poly saccharides |
| monosaccharides | simple sugar; a carb that cannot be decomposed by hydrolysis |
| glucose | six-carbon sugar that organisms degrade as a source of energy during cellular respiration |
| starch | storage polysaccharide found in plants; composed of glucose molecules joined in a linear fashion |
| disaccharide | sugar that contains 2 units of a monosaccharide |
| polysaccharide | polymer made from sugar monomers; starch/glycogen are polymers of glucose monomers |
| cellulose | polysaccharide that is the major complex carbohydrate in plant cells |
| lipids | class of organic compounds that tend to be soluble only in non polar solvents like alcohol and includes fats and oils |
| triglycerides | neutral fat composed of glycerol and 3 fatty acids; fats/lipids |
| fats | organic molecule that contains glycerol and fatty acids; found in adipose tissue |
| oils | substance, usually of plant origin and liquid at room temperature, formed when glycerol molecules react with 3 fatty acid molecules |
| emulsification | breaking up of fat globules into smaller droplets by the action of bile salts or any emulsifier |
| saturated fatty acids | fatty acid molecule that lacks double bonds between the atoms of its carbon chain |
| unsaturated fatty acids | fatty acid molecule that has 1+ double bonds between the atoms of its carbon chain |
| trans fats | fats that occur naturally in meat and dairy products of ruminants that are also industrially created through partial hydrogenation of plant oils/animal fats |
| phospholipids | lipid molecule that forms the bilayer of the cell membrane; has a polar, hydrophilic head, bonded to 2 non polar hydrophobic tails |
| steroids | lipid molecule type having a complex of 4 carbon rings: cholesterol, progesterone, testosterone |
| proteins | molecule consisting of one or more polypeptides |
| amino acids | organic molecule having an amino group and an acid group that covalently bonds to produce peptide molecules |
| peptide bond | type of covalent bond that joins 2 amino acids |
| denaturation | loss of normal shape by an enzyme so that it no longer functions; caused by less-than-normal pH temperature |
| DNA | nucleic acid polymer produced from covalent bonding of nucleotide monomers that contain deoxyribose; the genetic material of nearly all organisms |
| RNA | nucleic acid polymer produced from covalent bonding of nucleotide monomers that contain ribose; three major forms: messenger, ribosomal, transfer |
| coeznzymes | nonprotein organic molecule that aid the action of the enzyme to which it is loosely bound |
| ATP | nucleotide with 2 phosphate groups (ADP+P) |
| nucleic acid | polymer of nucleotides (DNA / RNA) |
| adenine | 1 of 4 nitrogen bases in nucleotides composing the structure of DNA and RNA |
| thymine | 1 of 4 nitrogen bases in nucleotides composing the structure of DNA and RNA |
| guanine | 1 of 4 nitrogen bases in nucleotides composing the structure of DNA and RNA; pairs with cytosine |
| cytosine | 1 of 4 nitrogen bases in nucleotides composing the structure of DNA and RNA; pairs with adenine |
| uracil | the base in RNA that replaces thymine found in DNA. |
| in DNA, Thymine pairs with... | adenine |
| in DNA, Guanine pairs with,... | cytosine |
| in RNA, uracil pairs with... | adenine |
| in RNA, guanine pairs with... | cytosine |
| complementary base pairing | hydrogen bonding between particular bases. |
| ADP | nucleotide with 2 phosphate groups that can accept one other phosphate group to become ATP |
| atomic mass | the number below the atomic symbol on the periodic table. the total mass of a single atom of a chemical element |
| polar | combination of ate,s om which the electrical charge is not distributed symmetrically |
| glycogen | storage polysaccharide composed of glucose molecules joined in a linear fashion with numbers branches |
| bases | molecule that lowers the hydrogen ion concentration in a solution and raises the pH numerical |
| fatty acid | molecule that contains a hydrocarbon chain and ends with an acid group |
| polypeptide | polymer of 3 or more amino acids linked by polypeptide bonds. |
Created by:
maicey.m