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Cardiovascular
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| 3 functions of cardiovascular system | distribute blood to all areas of body, deliver needed substances to cells, remove wastes from cells |
| organs of the cardiovascular system | the heart, blood vessels, and blood |
| what does blood deliver to cells | oxygen and nutrients |
| what does blood remove from cells that is then delivered to the lungs, liver, and kidneys | waste products |
| what two systems is the circulatory system divided into | pulmonary and systemic |
| systemic circulation | carries blood from heart to body and from body to heart |
| pulmonary circulation | carries blood from the heart to the lungs and from the lungs to the heart |
| the heart is a muscular pump with how many chambers | 4 |
| the heart averages 60-100 bpm or _____ beats per day | 100,000 |
| the heart is located in the | mediastinum |
| inner layer that lines the heart. smooth and thin, reduces friction as blood passes through heart chambers | endocardium |
| middle layer of thick muscle. contraction of this layer develops the pressure required to pump blood through blood vessels | myocardium |
| outer layer, forms visceral layer of pericadial sac. fluid between layers of pericardial sac reduces friction as heart beats | epicardium |
| the two upper chambers of the heart | atria |
| two lower chambers of the heart | ventricles |
| divides the chambers of the heart into left and right | septum |
| what are the receiving chambers of the heart | atria |
| blood enters the atria through what | veins |
| deoxygenated blood from the body enters the | right atria via the vena cavae |
| oxygenated blood from the lungs enters the | left atria via the pulmonary veins |
| what are the pumping chambers of the heart | ventricles |
| blood exists the ventricles through the what | arteries |
| deoxygenated blood exits the right ventricle and moves to the lungs via the | pulmonary artery |
| oxygenated blood exits the left ventricle and moves to the body via the | aorta |
| heart valves force blood to flow | forward |
| names of the 4 valves | tricuspid, pulmonary, mitral, aortic |
| where are valves found | at the entrances and exits to the ventricles |
| what is the tricuspid valve also reffered to as | atrioventricular valve |
| which valve has 3 leaves or cusps | tricuspid or atrioventricular valve |
| what is the pulmonary valve also reffered to as | semilunar valve because of its half moon shape |
| what is the mitral valve also reffered to as | the bicuspid valve because it has two cusps |
| the mitral valve is a | atrioventricular valve |
| the aortic valve is a | semilunar valve |
| the relaxation phase is | disastole |
| the contraction phase is | systole |
| the conduction system is under control of the | autonomic nervous system |
| what stimulates the chambers of the heart to contract in the correct order | tissue |
| names of all the things of the conduction system of the heart | sinoatrial node, atrioventricular node, atrioventricular bundle purkinje fibers |
| another name for the sinoatrial node | sinus node |
| the heart is the pump that moves blood and the blood vessels are the pipes that | circulate it |
| what are the 3 types of vessels | arteries, capillaries, veins |
| what is the lumen | the channel within the blood cells |
| what are arteries | large thick walled vessels that can contract or relax |
| where do arteries carry blood towards | away from the heart |
| where does the pulmonary artery go to | the lungs |
| where do the coronary arteries go to | the myocardium of the heart |
| as arteries branch, what do they become | smaller arterioles |
| what do veins begin as (and then they gradually merge and become larger | venules |
| where do veins carry blood towards | towards the heart |
| the pulmonary veins carry blood from | the lungs |
| the superior and inferior vena cava carry blood from | from the body |
| what are capillaries | a network of tiny, thin walled blood vessels |
| what connects arteries and veins with oxygenated arterial blood flowing in and deoxygenated venous blood flowing out | capillaries |
| what is a place of diffusion with oxygen and nutrients diffusing out and carbon dioxide and wastes diffusing in | capillaries |
| what does blood pressure measure | the force exerted by blood against vessel walls |
| during what is blood under a lot of pressure and gives the highest reading | systole |
| during what is blood under little pressure and gives the lowest reading | diastole |
| which part in blood pressure is the systole reading (120/80) | 120 |
| which part of blood pressure is the diastole reading (120/80) | 80 |
| what might blood pressure be affected by | artery elasticity, diameter of blood vessels, viscosity of blood, amount of resistance to blood flow |
| what is pulse | the surge of blood caused by the heart contraction |
| where can pulse be measured | the throat, wrist |
| pulse rate is equal to what rate | heart rate |
| angi/o | heart rate |
| arteri/o | artery |
| ather/o | fatty substance |
| cardi/o | heart |
| coron/o | heart |
| electr/o | electricity |
| embol/o | plug |
| myocardi/o | heart muscle |
| phleb/o | vein |
| steth/o | chest |
| valv/o | valve |
| varic/o | dilated vein |
| vascul/o | blood vessel |
| ventricul/o | ventricle |
| itis | inflammation |
| megaly | enlarged |
| metry | process of measuring |
| sclerosis | hardening |
| spasm | involuntary muscle contraction |
| stenosis | narrowing |
| tension | pressure |
| a | without |
| brady | slow |
| endo | inner |
| hyper | excessive |
| hypo | insufficient |
| peri | around |
| tachy | fast |
| trans | across |
| ultra | beyond |
| arterial | pertaining to an artery |
| atrioventricular (AV) | pertaining to the atrium and ventricle |
| interventricular | pertaining to between the ventricles |
| venous | pertaining to a vein |
| cardiology | one who studies the heart |
| embolus | obstruction of blood vessel by blood clot |
| murmur | sound in addition to normal heart sounds. may/may not indicate abnormality |
| orthostatic hypotension | sudden drop in blood pressure when standing up suddenly |
| palpitations | pounding, racing heartbeats |
| plaque | yellow fatty deposite of lipids in artery, hallmark of atherosclerosis |
| regurgitation | to flow backwards, refers to backflow of blood through a valve |
| angina pectoris | severe pain/sensational of constriction around heart, caused by myocardial ischemia |
| cardiac arrest | complete stopping of heart activity |
| cardiomegaly | an abnormally enlarged heart |
| congenital septal defect (CSD) | hole present at birth in heart septum, mixing of oxygenated/deoxygenated blood |
| congestive heart failure (CHF) | left ventricle too weak to pump blood. weakness, breathless edema |
| endocarditis | inflammation of membranes lining heart. bacterial colony called vegetation may form |
| heart valve prolapse | cusps are too loose, fail to shut tightly , allows regurgitation |
| heart valve stenosis | cusps are too stiff, unable to shut tightly, allows regurgitation |
| myocardial infarction (MI) | occlusion of coronary artery; results in myocardial infract, heart attack |
| myocarditis | inflammation of heart muscle layer |
| pericarditis | inflammation of pericardial sac |
| arrhythmia | irregular in hear beat/action |
| bradycardia | condition of having slow heart rate |
| fibrillation | arrythmia, abnormal quivering/contraction of heart fibers, cardiac arrest |
| tachycardia | conditionof having a fast heart rate |
| aneurysm | weakness/ballooning of arterial wall; seen in abdominal/cerebral |
| arteriorrhexis | a ruptured artery |
| atherosclerosis | most common form, lipid plaques form in arterial wall |
| hemorrhoid | varicose veins in anal region |
| hypertension (HTN) | high blood pressure |
| hypotension | decrease in blood pressure, may be due to shock/anemia |
| phlebitis | inflammation of a vein |
| raynauds phenomenon | ischemic attacks effecting fingers, toes, ears, nose |
| thrombophlebitis | inflammation of vein resulting in blood clots within a vein |
| varicose veins | swollen and distended veins, often in legs |
| auscultation | listening to sounds within body using stethoscope |
| sphygmomanometer | blood pressure cuff, measures blood pressure |
| stethoscope | instrument for listening to body sounds |
| cardiac biomarkers | blood test determines level of protiens in heart muscle, increase indicates heart muscle damage |
| echocardiography (ECHO) | use of ultrasound to visualize internal cardiac structues |
| cardiac catheterization | catheter threaded through blood vessel to heart. Protects abnormalities, determiness blood pressure in heart |
| electrocardiography | recording electrical activity of heart, diagnose myocardial damage |
| stress testing | evaluates cardiovascular fitness. patient excercises increasingly, EKG/oxygen levels monitered |
| automated external defibrillator | portable device detects arrythmias, delivers electrical shock |
| cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) | restore cardiac output, uses chest compressions |
| thrombolytic therapy | use of drugs to dissolve clots/restore blood flow |
| arterial anastomosis | surgical joining of two arteries when they are severed/damaged |
| coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) | blood vessel from other location grafted to route blood around coronary artery |
| endarterectomy | surgical removal of diseased/damaged inner lining of artery |
| extracorporeal circulation (ECC) | open heart surgery, routing of blood outside body to cardiopulmonary bypass machine so oxygenated |
| implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD) | place device that delivers electrical shock to heart to restore heart rhythm |
| intracoronary artery stent | stent placed within coronary artery, treats coronary ischemia |
| ligation and stripping | removal of varicose veins, damaged vein is tied of then removed |
| pacemaker implantation | surgical procedure, place electrical device that substitutes normal pace maker of heart |
| percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA) | balloon catheter inserted through skin into coronary artery. inflated to dilate narrow blood vessel |
| stent | tube palced within blood vessels to widen lumen |
| valvoplasty | surgical repair of heart valve |
| cardiotonic | increases force of heart contraction to treat heart failure |
| vasopressor | relaxes smooth muscle in wall of blood vessel, reduce blood pressure, increase blood flow |
| AED | automated external defibrillator |
| AF, A-fib | arterial fibrillation |
| BP | blood pressure |
| CABG | coronary artery bypass graft |
| CHF | congestive heart failure |
| CP | chest pain |
| CPR | cardiopulmonary resuscitation |
| DVT | deep vein thrombosis |
| ECG, EKG | electrocardiogram |
| ECHO | echocardiogram |
| HTN | hypertension |
| MI | myocardial infraction, mitral insufficiancy |
| P | pulse |
| PTCA | percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty |
| PVC | premature ventricular contraction |
| VF- V-fib | ventricular fibrillation |
| VSD | ventricular septal defect |
Created by:
Kimberly0203