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py101 ch 6
chapter 6 psych
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| what is sensation? | the process by which our sensory receptors and nervous system receive and represent stimulus energies from our environment. |
| what are sensory receptors? | sensory nerve endings that respond to stimuli. |
| what is perception? | the process by which our brain organizes and interprets sensory information, enabling us to recognize objects and events as meaningful. |
| what is bottom-up processing? | information processing that begins with the sensory receptors and works up to the brain’s integration of sensory information. |
| what is top-down processing? | information processing guided by higher-level mental processes, as when we construct perceptions drawing on our experience and expectations. |
| what are sensation and perception processors? | bottom-up processing; top-down processing |
| what is transduction? | convert outside energy into a form our brain can use. |
| what is absolute threshold? | the minimum stimulation needed to detect a particular sound 50% of the time |
| what is subliminal stimulation? | without your awareness, your sensory system processes a sound that is below your absolute threshold. |
| what is difference threshold? | the minimum difference needed to distinguish between two stimuli 50% of the time. |
| what is Weber's law? | the principle that, to be perceived as different, two stimuli must differ by a constant minimum percentage (rather than a constant amount). |
| what is sensory adaption? | diminished sensitivity as a consequence of constant stimulation. |
| what is perceptual set? | a set of mental tendencies and assumptions that affects top-down, what we hear, taste, feel and see |
| what is schemas? | concepts that organize and interpret unfamiliar information. |
| why does perceptual set involve top-down processing? | because it draws on your experiences, assumptions, and expectations when interpreting stimuli. |
| what is wavelength? | the distance from the peak of one light wave or sound wave to the peak of the next. |
| what is hue? | the dimension of color that is determined by the wavelength of light; what we know as the color names blue, green, and so forth. |
| what is intensity? | the amount of energy in a light wave or sound wave, which influences what we perceive as brightness or loudness. it is determined by the wave's amplitude (height). |
| short wavelength equals...? | high frequency (bluish colors) |
| long wavelength equals...? | low frequency (reddish colors) |
| great amplitude equals...? | bright colors |
| small amplitude equals...? | dull colors |
| where does light enter the eye through? | the cornea |
| why does the cornea bends light? | to help provide focus |
| what is the pupil? | a small adjustable opening |
| what surrounds the pupil and controls its size? | the iris |
| what is the iris? | a colored muscle that dilates or constricts in response to light intensity. |
| what happens after the light enters the cornea? | it passes through the pupil |
| what does the iris respond to? | your cognitive and emotional states |
| if you see a sunny sky, your iris will? | constrict |
| f you are in a dark room, your iris will? | dilate |
| what is the retina? | the multilayered tissue lining the back inner surface of the eyeball |
| what is accomodation? | perception, the process by which the eye’s lens changes shape to focus near or far objects on the retina. |
| what is nearsightedness (or myopia)? | a common eye condition where you can see close objects clearly, but distant objects look blurry. Happens when the lens focuses an image on a point in front of the retina. |
| what are rods? | retinal receptors that detect black, white and gray and are sensitive to movement. |
| what is necessary for peripheral and twilight vision? | rods are when cones don't respond |
| what are cones? | retinal receptors that are concentrated near the center of the retina and that function in daylight or well-lit conditions |
| what are optic nerves? | the nerve that carries neural impulses from the eye to the brain |
| what is the Young-Helmholtz trichromatic (three color) theory? | the theory that the retina contains three different types of color receptors—one most sensitive to red, one to green, one to blue—which, when stimulated in combination, can produce the perception of any color. |
| what is Opponent-process theory? | the theory that opposing retinal processes (red- green, blue-yellow, white-black) enable color vision. |
| what are feature detectors? | nerve cells in the brain’s visual cortex that respond to specific features of the stimulus, such as shape, angle, or movement. |
| what is parallel processing? | processing multiple aspects of a stimulus or problem simultaneously. |
| what are feature detectors? | nerve cells in the occipital love's visual cortext that respond to a scene's specific visual features |
| how do we recognize a face? | your brain integrates information projected by your retinas to several visual cortex areas and compares it with stored information, thus enabling your fusiform face area to recognize the face. |
| what is figure-ground? | organization of the visual field into objects (the figures) that stand out from their surroundings (the ground). |
| what is grouping? | the perceptual tendency to organize stimuli into coherent groups. |
| what is depth perception? | the ability to see objects in three dimensions, although the images that strike the retina are two-dimensional; allows us to judge distance. |
| what is visual cliff? | a laboratory device for testing depth perception in infants and young animals. |
| what is binocular cues? | a depth cue, such as retinal disparity, that depends on the use of two eyes. |
| what is retinal disparity? | a binocular cue for perceiving depth. By comparing retinal images from the two eyes, the brain computes distance—the greater the disparity (difference) between the two images, the closer the object. |
| what is monocular cue? | a depth cue, such as interposition or linear perspective, available to either eye alone. The visual hints your brain uses to judge depth, distance, and three-dimensional space using just one eye |
| what is perceptual adaption? | the ability to adjust to changed sensory input, including an artificially displaced or even inverted visual field. |
| what determines sound waves perceived loudness? | the height or amplitude. |
| what does the frequency do for sound waves? | determines the pitch we experience. |
| what is frequency? | the number of complete wavelengths that pass a point in a give |
| what is relative luminance? | the amount of light an object reflects relative to its surroundings. |
| what is the middle ear? | the chamber between the eardrum and cochlea containing three tiny bones that concentrate the vibrations of the eardrum on the cochlea’s oval window. |
| what is the cochlea? | a coiled, bony, fluid-filled tube in the inner ear; sound waves traveling through the cochlear fluid trigger nerve impulses. |
| what is the inner ear? | the innermost part of the ear, containing the cochlea, semicircular canals, and vestibular sacs. |
| what is sensorineural hearing loss? | the most common form of hearing loss, caused by damage to the cochlea’s receptor cells or to the auditory nerve; also called nerve deafness. |
| what is conduction hearing loss? | a less common form of hearing loss, caused by damage to the mechanical system that conducts sound waves to the cochlea. |
| what is a cochlear implant? | a device for converting sounds into electrical signals and stimulating the auditory nerve through electrodes threaded into the cochlea. |
| what is place theory? | hearing, the theory that links the pitch we hear with the place where the cochlea’s membrane is stimulated. |
| what is frequency theory? | the theory that the rate of nerve impulses traveling up the auditory nerve matches the frequency of a tone, thus enabling us to sense its pitch |
| what is place theory (also called place coding)? | presumes that we hear different pitches because different sound waves trigger activity at different places along the cochlea's basilar membrane. |
| what can place theory explain? | how we hear high-pitched sounds but not low-pitched sounds. |
| what is frequency theory (also called temoral coding)? | suggests another explanation that accounts for our ability to hear low-pitched sounds: The brain reads pitch by monitoring |
| what is gate-control theory? | the theory that the spinal cord contains a neurological “gate” that blocks pain signals or allows them to pass on to the brain. |
| what is dissociation? | a split in consciousness, which allows some thoughts and behaviors to occur simultaneously with others. |
| what is posthypnotic suggestions? | a suggestion, made during a hypnosis session, to be carried out after the subject is no longer hypnotized; used by some clinicians to help control undesired symptoms and behaviors. |
| what is phantom limb sensation? | when your brain still feels a part of your body—like an arm, leg, or even a toe—long after it has been removed or amputated |
| what is gustation? | sense of taste |
| what is olfaction? | sense of smell |
| what is anosmia? | being unable to smell |
| what is kinesthesia? | Kinesthesia: our movement sense—our system for sensing the position and movement of individual body parts. |
| what is vestibular sense | our balance sense—our sense of body movement and position that enables our sense of balance. |
| what is sensory interaction? | the principle that one sense can influence another, as when the smell of food influences its taste. |
| what enables your sense of kinesthesia? | millions of position and motion sensors in muscles, tendons, and joints all over your body, called proprioceptors, provide constant feedback to your brain. |
| what is embodied cognition? | the influence of bodily sensations, gestures, and other states on cognitive preferences and judgments. |
| what is synesthesia? | the stimulation of one sense triggers an experience of another. |
| what is extrasensory perception (ESP): | the controversial claim that perception can occur apart from sensory input; includes telepathy, clairvoyance, and precognition. |
| what is parapsychology? | the study of paranormal phenomena, including ESP and psychokinesis (also called telekinesis). |
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03m