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a&p ch.2 vocab
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| matter | anything that takes up space and has mass |
| element | one of the basic building blocks of matter |
| atom | smallest unit of an element that still retains the chemical and physical properties of the element |
| proton | positively charged subatomic particle |
| electron | negatively charged subatomic particle |
| neutron | uncharged subatomic particle |
| electron shell | circle around the nucleus of the atom |
| atomic number | number of protons in the element |
| mass number | sum of the protons and neutrons in the nucleus |
| atomic mass | average of the AMU for all isotopes of that atom |
| isotopes | variant of an element that has the same number of protons but different number of neutrons |
| radioisotope | various types of energy in the form of rays and subatomic particles |
| molecule | chemical unit formed when atoms bond with one another |
| valence shell | outer shell of an atom |
| ions | particles that carry a + or - charge |
| ionic bond | the attraction between ions w/ opposite charges |
| covalent bond | when atoms share one pair of electrons |
| double + triple bonds | when atoms share 2-3 pairs of electrons |
| polar | when atoms have a + charge on one end and a - charge on the other (caused by sharing electrons) |
| hydrogen bond | attraction of a slightly + covalently bonded hydrogen to a slightly - atom in the vicinity |
| hydrophillic | molecules that can attract water |
| hydrophobic | molecules that cannot attract water |
| cohesion | the ability of water molecules to cling to each other |
| adhesion | ability of water molecules to cling to a surface |
| acids | substances that dissociate in water, releasing H+ |
| mole | unit of measurement for atoms, ions, and molecules |
| pH scale | used to indicate the acidity of basicity of a substance |
| buffers | help keep pH within normal limits |
| organic molecules | chemical compounds built primarily around carbon, includes carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids |
| macromolecule | a molecule that contains many subunits |
| dehydration reaction | a type of synthesis reaction, OH and H are removed from molecule forms |
| hydrolysis reaction | components of water are added during the breaking of the bond between molecules |
| carbohydrates | a universal energy source for all organisms |
| monosaccharides | simplest form of carbohydrates, consist of only a simple sugar molecule |
| glucose | most common monosaccharide, used as an immediate source of energy |
| disaccharide | made by joining two monosaccharides by a dehydration reaction |
| polysaccharide | long polymers (starch, glycogen, cellulose) that contain long chains of glucose subunits, referred to as complex carbs |
| starch | form of glucose that plants store |
| glycogen | form of glucose that animals store |
| cellulose | a polysaccharide, called fiber, found in plant cell walls |
| lipids | fats in animals, oils in plants, don't dissolve in water |
| triglycerides | most familiar lipids, fats, and oils |
| fats | usually of animal origin, solid at room temp |
| oils | usually of plant origin, liquid at room temp |
| emulsification | when droplets disperse in water |
| fatty acid | carbon-hydrogen chain that ends with the acidic group |
| saturated fatty acid | have no double bonds between the carbon |
| unsaturated fatty acid | have double bonds between the carbon chains |
| trans fats | fats created artificially from vegetable oils |
| phospholipids | constructed like fats, but in the place of the third fatty acid is a phosphate group |
| steroids | lipids that have entirely different structure from fats |
| proteins | macromolecules with amino acid subunits |
| peptide bond | covalent bond between two amino acids |
| polypeptide | when 3 or more amino acids are linked by peptide bonds |
| denaturation | irreversible change in shape |
| nucleic acids | polymers of nucleotides that store information |
| DNA | specifies the order that amino acids are arranged in a protein |
| RNA | diverse type of nucleic acid acid that plays multiple roles in the expression of the instructions contained within/ genetic material |
| coenzymes | nonprotein organic molecules that help regulate enzymatic reactions |
| ATP | nucleotide that stores large amount of energy needed for synthetic reactions |
| adenine | DNA base (a) |
| thymine | DNA base (t) |
| guanine | DNA base (g) |
| cytosine | DNA base (c) |
| uracil | RNA base (u) that replaces thymine |
| complementary base pairing | the specific way bases pair together in nucleic acids DNA and RNA (ex: thymine always pairs w/ adenine and guanine always pairs w/ cytosine) |
| ADP (adenosine diphosphate) | a molecule of inorganic phosphate that is essential in cellular metabolism |
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