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kines exam 1
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| structural kinesiology | The study of MUSCLES as they’re involved in the science of movement |
| biomechanics | -involves the study of how the body moves (mechanics) -relates body motion to the anatomical and physiological processes in the human body The study of the mechanical laws involved in movement or structure |
| kinematic analysis | analysis of the characteristics of motion including time, displacement, velocity, acceleration, etc. |
| osteoblasts | bone cells that form new bone |
| osteoclasts | bone cells that reabsorb old bone and break down the tissue in the process |
| static motion | motion that is constant that can be either at rest (no motion at all) or a high rate of movement (constant velocity) |
| dynamic motion | motion that involves acceleration and deacceleration |
| kinematic | Describing the characteristics of motion -time, displacement, velocity, acceleration |
| kinetics | study of forces associated with movement of body force is always involved ex- the force required to jump power=force (velocity) |
| sarcomere | the functional unit of a muscle cell |
| sagittal plane | (goes from top to bottom) cuts body into right and left axis= medial-lateral motions- flexion and extension ex/ bicep curls |
| frontal plane | (goes from left to right) cuts body into front and back motions-adduction(towards) abduction (away) axis= anterior-posterior ex/ lateral raises |
| transverse plane | separates body into top and bottom axis=vertical axis motions- rotational ex/ spinal rotation |
| axial skeleton | skull, hyoid bone, vertical column, ribs, sternum |
| appendicular skeleton | pectoral girdle, upper extremity, pelvic girdle, lower extremity |
| types of bones and examples | long-used to move ex/ femur short- shock absorption ex/ talus in foot flat- protection ex/sternum irregular- mixed roles ex/vertebrae sesamoid- smoother movement ex/kneecap/patella |
| synarthrodial joints | immovable protective ex/ skull, tooth sockets Fibrous suture absorb energy associated with impacts but do not permit movement |
| emphiarthrodial joints | slightly movable ex/ found in vertebral column slightly movable to absorb any shock Symphyses: fibrocartilaginous fusion between two bones |
| diarthrodial (1) | freely movable ball and socket- ex/ shoulder and hips hinge ex/ elbow, ankle, knee (movement strictly in one plane) saddle ex/thumb (allows or grip strength and ball and socket movement) |
| diarthrodial (2) | pivot- ex/ rotation of radius at radioulnar joint (permits rotational movement around a long axis) gliding- permits sliding movement in hands and feet ellipsoid- allows movement in 2 planes |
| (muscle tissue properties) irritability | ability to respond to a stimulus (electrical, chemical, physiological) |
| (muscle tissue properties) contractibility | ability of a muscle to contract against some resistance (when stimulated) |
| (muscle tissue properties) extensibility | ability of a muscle to stretch beyond its resting length |
| (muscle tissue properties) elasticity | ability of a muscle to return to its resting length after it has been stretched |
| (muscle fiber types) Type 1 | endurance, aerobic, need oxygen, less explosive better for long distance (over 3 min) ex/ long distance running cannot be fully of any type of fibers, can change with training, every movement involves all three, but there will be a dominant one |
| (muscle fiber types) Type 2 A | less explosive, longer time than type 2x (15-90 seconds) ex/ 2 laps around track shorter amount of time than type 1, more explosive, can generate more force |
| (muscle fiber types) Type 2 X | most explosive, shortest amount of time (5-15 seconds) ex/ 100 m dah shorter amount of time, more explosive, can generate more force |
| parallel fiber arrangement | muscle fibers run along length of the muscle and are parallel to one another |
| pennate fiber arrangement | muscle fibers run diagonally in relation to their tendons (tend to be shorter, increases cross-sectional area which increases force production) |
| mechanical advantage MA | how we can assess how well a joint works |
| first class lever | axis has to be between force and resistance, but not directly in the middle ex- seesaw MA= 1 |
| second class lever | joints are good at producing force axis on left, resistance in middle and force on right ex/ lifting a wheelbarrow = force dirt in it = resistance tire- axis MA> 1 |
| third class lever | joints are not good at producing force axis on left, force in middle, resistance on right what you're sweeping off ground= resistance top of broom= axis force= broom moving MA<1 more third class levers 1st and 2nd in body |
| newtons first law (inertia) | a object at rest will stay at rest until acted on by a force ex/ a hockey puck sitting on ice will stay at rest unless a player hits it, then it will travel in direction of force applied unless acted upon by another force (goalie) |
| newtons second law (acceleration) | change in acceleration is directly proportional to force causing it and inversely proportional to mass ex/ mass of basketball dosent change if we shoot the ball with more force, ball will go further f=m(a) |
| newtons third law (reaction) | every action has an equal and opposite reaction ex/ if you punch a wall youll break your hand b/c of the force coming back towards you |
| velocity equation | velocity= displacement over time |
| friction | force that results from resistance between object and surface |
| static friction | amount of friction present when an object is not moving |
| kinetic friction | amount of friction present when an object is moving |
| kinetic <static | this is why it's harder to begin to drag a heavy object than it is to continue its motion |
| step of a muscle contraction (1) | 1. cns sends signal to axon terminal telling it to release acetocholene into synaptic cleft 2. acetocholene has to bind to the motor endplate 3. which triggers an action potential 4. which then propagates down the t tubule |
| step of a muscle contraction (2) | 5. the action potential down the t tubule opens up a gate, which allows calcium to be released from the sarcoplasmic reticulum 6. calcium drops down + troponin catches it 7. troponin moves tropomyosin out of the way so the myosin binding head opens |
| step of a muscle contraction (3) | 8.now myosin can bind to actin 9. ADP is dropped once muscle is contracting 10. now myosin isnt carrying anything and is looking to pick something up (ATP) then ATP binds to myosin head |
| lever | rigid and can rotate around an axis in body levers= bones |
| axis | the fixed point around which lever rotates in body axis = joints |
| force | causes lever to move in body force=muscle |
| resistance | could be weight of body, gravity, or an external weight |
| example of force axis and resistance | tricep extension thingy behind ur head w weight force= tricep axis= elbow resistance= dumbell |
| 5 functions of the skeletal system | Support- supports body + maintains shape Movement -bones = levers Protection - encases and protects organs, Blood Cell Production- RBC +WBC from bone marrow Mineral Storage -Bones store essential minerals |
| epimysium (connective tissue coverings) | surrounds whole muscle |
| perimysium (connective tissue coverings) | surrounds bundle of fibers (fasciculus) |
| endomysium (connective tissue coverings) | surrounds individual muscle fiber |
| intrinsic muscle | located in that specific area of body and perform action w/in that location ex/ small muscles in hand work the hand |
| extrinsic muscle | located in one area of body but perform in dif areas ex/ muscles in forearm perform action in hands |
| origin | least movable point of attachment (more proximal location |
| insertion | most movable point of attachment (more distal location) ex/ think of bicep curl, insertion (elbow) moves, origin (shoulder) does not |
| isometric contraction | tension occurs w/out a change in length of the joint angle. is static ex/ wall sit. there is tension but length does not change in legs |
| isotonic contraction | tension is present, but the joint angle is constantly changing |
| concentric vs eccentric | concentric (harder part of lift) eccentric (easier part) ex/ squat down phase = eccentric up phase = concentric |
| tetanus | if stimuli occur at rapid rate, muscle has no time to relax result= one long, continual contraction w/ high tension |
| treppe | when a muscle encounters multiple stimuli but at a slow rate, allowing muscle to completely relax in between stimuli -each stimuli produces a greater tension than the stimuli before |
| torque | tendency of a force to create a rotational movement around an axis |
| eccentric force | force that is applied away from center of rotation ex/ a table has center of mass in middle apply force away from center (eccen. force) creates rotation (torque) |
Created by:
emma.thornton