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ATI Module
Human Growth & Development (Exam2)
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Human development is a lifelong process of | physical, behavioral, cognitive, and emotional growth and change |
| Universal Principles of Human Growth and Development: Cephalocaudal principle | Human development follows a head-to-toe progression. Infants gain control over their neck and head before they can control their extremities. |
| Universal Principles of Human Growth and Development: Proximodorsal principle | Human development progresses from the center of the body in an outward direction. The spine develops first, followed by extremities, then fingers and toes. |
| Universal Principles of Human Growth and Development: Simple to complex | Human development evolves in an orderly fashion from simple to complex. Infants accomplish head control before they are able to crawl. |
| Universal Principles of Human Growth and Development: Continuous process | Human development is a continuous process characterized by periods of growth spurts and periods of slow and steady growth. |
| Universal Principles of Human Growth and Development: General to specific | Human development occurs from large muscle movement to more refined muscle movements. |
| Universal Principles of Human Growth and Development: Individualized rates | Human development varies from individual to individual. Each person has their own growth timetable and rate of development. |
| Human development begins with | conception, which marks the beginning of prenatal development. |
| Prenatal development is followed by | the newborn, infancy, childhood, and adolescent stages. Each stage of development between conception and adolescence is characterized by unique physical, cognitive, and emotional changes that define each stage. |
| Prenatal development from conception to birth takes an | average of 38 to 40 weeks and is divided into three periods: zygote, embryo, and fetus. |
| The zygote period begins | with conception and lasts approximately 2 weeks |
| During the embryonic stage | body structures and internal organs develop. Three cell layers form during the embryonic period. The outer cell layer (ectoderm) will become the hair, outer layers of the skin, and the nervous system. |
| The middle cell layer (mesoderm) will become | the muscles, bones, and circulatory system |
| The inner cell layer (endoderm) will form | the lungs and digestive system |
| During the fetal period, the fetus becomes | larger, its body systems begin to function, and its brain begins to regulate body functions. |
| Apgar Scoring: A | Appearance (skin color) |
| Apgar Scoring: P | Pulse |
| Apgar Scoring: G | Grimace (reflect irritability) |
| Apgar Scoring: A | Activity |
| Apgar Scoring: R | Respiration |
| The Apgar score is intended to help practitioners quickly determine | whether a newborn requires immediate medical care |
| At birth, the nervous system is immature, and newborns respond to their environment through | series of reflexes. The presence of certain reflexes indicates normal neurological function and can help the practitioner estimate gestational age. |
| Expected Reflexes Present in the Newborn | Rooting, Moro, Tonic neck, Sucking, Babinski, Grasping, Blinking, Stepping |
| the expected developmental milestones to allow for variation among infants | 2 months of age can hold their head up when in a prone position. By 4 months, head lag is minimal. At 6 months, can roll from front to back. By 9 months, sit unsupported. By 12 months of age, the infant begins to walk while holding onto furniture. |
| The biopsychosocial model includes | biological factors such as genetic and health-related factors; psychological factors, such as cognitive, emotional, and personality factors; sociocultural factors, such as interpersonal, societal, cultural, and ethnic factors; and life-cycle forces |
| Bronfenbrenner’s ecological systems theory, later revised to become the bioecological model, explains | environments interact to influence human growth and development. The biopsychosocial model was developed to be more inclusive and is described as a balanced state It includes biological, social, and personal factors accommodations. |
| Sigmund Freud’s (1856 to 1939) theory on psychosexual development | The five psychosexual stages described by Freud are oral, anal, phallic, latent, and genital. Each stage is associated with an age range, an erogenous body part, and a developmental achievement level. |
| Eric Erikson (1902 to 1994), a noted psychologist and follower of Sigmund Freud, developed a theory of psychosocial development in which the stages of development emphasize social and environmental factors | Erikson’s eight stages are trust vs. mistrust, autonomy vs. shame and doubt, initiative vs. guilt, industry vs. inferiority, identity vs. role confusion, intimacy vs. isolation, generativity vs. stagnation, and integrity vs. despair. |
| correct stage of Piaget’s cognitive development | - Abstract Reasoning- Formal Operational -Logical Thinking- Concrete Operational - Preoperational- Expression through language an symbolic gestures - Sensorimotor- object permanence |
| correct level of Kohlberg’s Theory of Moral Development. | - Preconventional Reasoning - Control by rewards and punishments - Conventional Reasoning- Conformity with law and order - Postconventional Reasoning- Personal moral code |
| Down syndrome, also called trisomy 21, occurs in | infants who are born with an extra copy of chromosome 21. |
| What is the role of the nurse during prenatal development? | Nurses provide education, early assessment, and interventions to promote healthy outcomes and detect risks or conditions in pregnant clients and newborns. |
| What are common characteristics and risks associated with Down syndrome? | Down syndrome causes intellectual disabilities, congenital heart defects, and other issues; early intervention and family support are essential. |
| How can spina bifida be prevented and managed? | Prevention involves adequate folic acid intake during pregnancy; management includes surgical, medical treatments, and family education. |
| What are key nursing considerations for children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD)? | Nurses should assess, provide holistic care, collaborate with families, and offer tailored education and support for communication and social skills. |
| Why is childhood obesity a health risk, and how can nurses intervene? | Childhood obesity increases risks for chronic diseases; nurses help by promoting nutrition, exercise, and healthy lifestyle habits in children and families. |
| What is the focus of health promotion during adolescence? | Nurses teach about physical changes, mental health, substance use prevention, healthy eating, and coping with stress. |
| How do nurses support adult clients facing heart disease, cancer, or diabetes? | They educate, promote healthy lifestyles, assess management abilities, and connect clients to resources and screenings. |
| What is a major concern in late adulthood, and what strategies help? | Risks like osteoporosis and Alzheimer’s disease are prevalent; nurses encourage exercise, social support, healthy eating, and safety measures. |
| What are critical signs and prevention strategies for child maltreatment? | Nurses are alert to signs of abuse or neglect, act as mandatory reporters, and provide educational programs to prevent maltreatment. |
| Which screening test may be performed during pregnancy to detect Down syndrome? | blood tests such as the Quad-screen, combined with ultrasound to assess for genetic abnormalities. |
| Select all interventions nurses should provide to support healthy prenatal development. | Nursing support focuses on nutrition, prenatal visits, and folic acid, while alcohol and unnecessary x-rays should be avoided. |
| What is a primary cause of spina bifida? | to poor folic acid intake, so education around folic acid is a priority. |
| What is a recommended response if an expectant parent drank alcohol before learning they were pregnant? | There is no safe amount of alcohol during pregnancy, and immediate abstinence is recommended. |
| Which findings may indicate Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders in a newborn? Select all that apply. | Physical and developmental signs such as low birth weight, facial anomalies, and small head are hallmark features of FASD. |
| What is the primary nursing role during infancy and toddlerhood? | Nurses support parents, monitor development, and prioritize environments where infants and toddlers can safely explore and grow. |
| Which milestone typically occurs during toddlerhood? | Toddlerhood is known for gross motor advances like walking up and down stairs using both feet. |
| Select all typical features of play during infancy and toddlerhood. | Infant and toddler play styles progress from simple smiling to solitary and parallel play, gradually building social skills. |
| Why are infants between 3 and 6 months at increased risk for some infections? | After birth, maternal antibody protection wanes and leaves infants more susceptible to infections. |
| What is a core focus of health promotion in infancy and toddlerhood? | Promoting healthy routines such as regular sleep supports optimal growth and fosters healthy habits. |
| Which of the following is the leading cause of death among children ages 6 to 12 years? | Accidents and injuries such as burns, drowning, and motor vehicle accidents are the most frequent cause of death in this age group. |
| actions that nurses should take to help prevent childhood obesity: | Healthy eating, exercise, and screen time limits help reduce childhood obesity risk; skipping meals or eating sugary snacks have opposite effects. |
| What is a key nursing action when caring for a child at risk of ADHD? | Using reward systems and collaborating with teachers supports children with ADHD and improves outcomes. |
| What is a common manifestation of asthma in children? | Asthma often causes coughing, wheezing, chest tightness, and difficulty breathing due to inflamed airways. |
| Which of the following are nurse responsibilities for preventing accidents in childhood? | Teaching safety measures like helmets, seatbelts, and fire prevention helps reduce accidents and injuries in children. |
| Which of the following is a leading cause of death among adolescents worldwide? | Suicide is a major health risk for adolescents due to mental health challenges, including depression. |
| behaviors that can increase substance use risk during adolescence. | Peer pressure, family history, and academic struggles all contribute to substance use risk. |
| What is the primary role of a nurse in preventing eating disorders among adolescents? | Nurses play a key role in health education and screening to prevent and detect eating disorders. |
| Which of the following manifestations may indicate depression in a teenager? | Difficulty concentrating, sadness, irritability, and sleep issues point to possible depression. |
| Adolescents who experiment with drugs and alcohol are at increased risk for: | Drug and alcohol use in adolescence can result in addiction and other risky actions. |
| A nurse is caring for an adolescent who is suspected of having anorexia nervosa. Which of the following findings should the nurse expect? | Weight loss, Report of dizziness |
| Which of the following is a major cause of decreasing muscle strength and coordination in adulthood? | Adults experience gradual changes, including decreased muscle strength, due to aging. |
| Select all strategies that help adults manage cardiovascular disease risk. | Exercise, healthy eating, and regular screenings are essential for lowering heart disease risk in adults. |
| What is a recommended primary prevention strategy for type 2 diabetes mellitus in adulthood? | Maintaining a healthy weight through diet and activity helps prevent type 2 diabetes in adulthood |
| Which of the following are recommended self-care activities for adults to reduce stress? | Exercise, rest, and healthy coping are key to stress management for adults. |
| Routine health screenings in adulthood are mainly intended to: | Early detection via routine screenings helps adults manage and treat health issues more successfully. |
| Abortive Labor | Baby is being pushed out (Miss Carriage) |
| Sigmund Frued | Psychosexual Development |
| Erik Erikson | Psychosocial Development (Used currently the most) |
| Jean Piaget | Cognitive Development (Age millstones and should be able to at this time) |
| Lawrence Kohlberg | Moral Development (Stages of development, with moral development) |
| Kid Asthma | Bronchial anatomy is a lot larger. When it swells it has more surface area to contract. |
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