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Med Surg I Chapt 19
Mental Health Substance Related Dis
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Substance use disorders and related disorders are national health problems. | |
| Misuse of more than one substance is termed polysubstance use. | |
| designer drugs, or club drugs, have become a problem in recent years. They are synthetic substances | |
| Intoxication is the use of a substance that results in maladaptive behavior. | |
| Withdrawal syndrome refers to the negative psychological and physical reactions that occur when use of a substance ceases or dramatically decreases | |
| Detoxification is the process of safely withdrawing from a substance. | |
| blackout, which is an episode during which the person continues to function but has no conscious awareness of their behavior at the time or any later memory of the behavior | |
| tolerance for alcohol; that is, they need more alcohol to produce the same effect. | |
| tolerance break, which means that very small amounts of alcohol can intoxicate the person. | |
| some people with alcohol-related problems can modify or quit drinking on their own without a treatment program; this is called spontaneous remission or natural recovery. | |
| Gambling disorder is a non–substance-related diagnosis. | |
| Children of alcoholics are much more likely to develop alcohol use disorder | |
| flushing, a reddening of the face and neck as a result of increased blood flow, has been linked to variants of genes for enzymes involved in alcohol metabolism. | |
| Even small amounts of alcohol can produce flushing, which may be accompanied by headaches and nausea. | |
| The flushing reaction is highest among people of Asian ancestry | |
| Alcohol is a central nervous system depressant that is absorbed rapidly into the bloodstream. | |
| Alcohol-induced hypotension can lead to cardiovascular shock and death. | |
| Severe or untreated withdrawal may progress to transient hallucinations, seizures, or delirium, called delirium tremens. | |
| Symptoms of withdrawal usually begin 4 to 12 hours after cessation or marked reduction of alcohol intake. | |
| Symptoms include coarse hand tremors, sweating, elevated pulse and blood pressure, insomnia, anxiety, and nausea or vomiting. | |
| Withdrawal can be accomplished by fixed-schedule dosing known as tapering or symptom-triggered dosing in which the presence and severity of withdrawal symptoms determine the amount of medication needed and the frequency of administration | |
| Benzodiazepines and barbiturates are the most frequently misused drugs in this category. | |
| central nervous system depressants: barbiturates, nonbarbiturate hypnotics, and anxiolytics, particularly benzodiazepines | |
| Stimulants are drugs that stimulate or excite the central nervous system and have limited clinical use (with the exception of stimulants used to treat attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder | |
| Amphetamines (uppers) were popular in the past; they were used by people who wanted to lose weight quickly or stay awake | Cocaine, |
| Methamphetamine is particularly dangerous. It is highly addictive and causes psychotic behavior. | |
| Cannabis sativa is the hemp plant that is widely cultivated for its fiber used to make rope and cloth and for oil from its seeds | |
| This resin contains more than 60 substances, called cannabinoids, of which delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol is thought to be responsible for most of the psychoactive effects | |
| Marijuana refers to the upper leaves, flowering tops, and stems of the plant; hashish is the dried resinous exudate from the leaves of the female plant | |
| two cannabinoids, dronabinol (Marinol) and nabilone (Cesamet), have been approved for treating nausea and vomiting from cancer chemotherapy. | |
| Opioids are popular drugs of misuse because they desensitize the user to both physiological and psychological pain and induce a sense of euphoria and well-being. | |
| Hallucinogens are substances that distort the user’s perception of reality and produce symptoms similar to psychosis, including hallucinations (usually visual) and depersonalization. | Examples of hallucinogens are mescaline, psilocybin, lysergic acid diethylamide, and “designer drugs” such as ecstasy |
| Inhalants are a diverse group of drugs that include anesthetics, nitrates, and organic solvents that are inhaled for their effects. | |
| Inhalant intoxication involves dizziness, nystagmus, lack of coordination, slurred speech, unsteady gait, tremor, muscle weakness, and blurred vision. | Stupor and coma can occur. |
| There are no withdrawal symptoms or detoxification procedures for inhalants | |
| Alcoholics Anonymous (AA) was founded in the 1930s by people with alcohol use disorder | |
| This self-help group developed the 12-step program model for recovery, which is based on the philosophy that total abstinence is essential and that people with alcohol use disorder need the help and support of others to maintain sobriety | |
| Levomethadyl is a narcotic analgesic with the only purpose of treating opiate dependence. It is used in the same manner as methadone. | |
| Buprenorphine/naloxone (Suboxone) is a combination drug used for opiate maintenance and to decrease opiate cravings. | |
| Buprenorphine is a semisynthetic opioid, and naloxone is an opioid inverse agonis | |
| Naltrexone (ReVia) is an opioid receptor antagonist often used to treat overdose. | It blocks the effects of any opioids that might be ingested, thereby negating the effects of using more opioids. |
| Naltrexone is also available as a once-monthly injectable marketed as Vivitrol. | |
| Dual diagnosis clients who have schizophrenia, schizoaffective disorder, or bipolar disorder present the greatest challenge to health care professionals. |
Created by:
Daarina Jones