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Pharmacology week 1
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Acetylcysteine | Used to treat acetaminophen overdoses and as a mucus-thinning agent for lung conditions |
| How is Acetylcysteine given? (Routes) | Inhalation, orally(PO) or intravenously(IV) |
| How does Acetylcysteine work? | Acts as a powerful antioxidant precursor, mucus-thinner and liver protector |
| When is Acetylcysteine given? | As an emergency antidote for acetaminophen overdose or for severe lung conditions |
| Contraindications of Acetylcysteine | Contraindicated only in people who are sensitive or allergic to Acetylcysteine or any of its inactive ingredients |
| Side effects of Acetylcysteine | Commonly causes mild gastrointestinal upset. Can lead to serious allergic or respiratory reactions. |
| Stevens-Johnson Syndrome (SJS) or Stevens-Johnson rash | A rare, severe medical emergency involving a painful red or purplish rash that blisters, peels, and affects mucous membranes like the mouth and eyes. |
| RHPA | Regulated Health Professionals Act. It is the legislation that governs ontarios regulated health professions’ colleges. |
| How many acts set out by the RHPA? | 14 (5 are authorized to nursing when ordered) |
| Controlled acts for nursing | 1. Performing prescribed procedure below the dermis 2. Administering a substance by injection/inhalation 3. Putting finger or instrument beyond body orifice or artificial opening 4. Dispsensing a drug 5. Treating by means of Psychotherapy |
| Canadian Food and Drug Act | The primary piece of legislation governing foods, drugs, cosmetics, and medical devices |
| Non-narcotic prescription drugs are which schedule? | Schedule F |
| CDSA | Controlled Drugs and Substances Act. Provides requirements for the control and sale of narcotics, controlled drugs and substances of misuse. |
| Purity (drug standards) | Outlines the type and concentration of allowable impurities |
| Potency (drug standards) | The strength of the drug is standardized |
| Bioavailability (drug standards) | Degree to which the drug can be absorbed and transported by the body to its site of action |
| Efficacy (drug standards) | The effectiveness of the drug |
| Safety (drug standards) | Measured by the incidence and severity of reported adverse reactions |
| 4 clinical phases of investigational drug studies | Phase 1: small, less than 100 subjects Phase 2: larger number who have disease, 100 to 300 Phase 3: larger number followed by research centres, 1000-3000 patients Phase 4: post marketing studies conducted to obtain info of adverse effects of new drug |
| Special Access Program | Allows health care providers compassionate access to drugs unavailable for sale in Canada. Limited to serious or life-threatening conditions. |
| Beneficence | To do good |
| Nonmaleficence | To do no harm |
| Veracity | Habitual truthfulness |
| 5 steps of the nursing process | ADPIE Assessment, Diagnosis, Planning, Implementation, Evaluation |
| Which study brought knowledge of medical errors to the public? | The 1999 Institute of Medicine (IOM) |
| Adverse drug event | A general term that encompasses all types of clinical problems related to medication use. |
| Adverse drug reactions | Reactions that occur with the use of a particular drug. |
| Two types of adverse drug reactions | Allergic and idiosyncratic reactions |
| Where are medication errors reported to? | Institute for Safe Medication Practices Canada |
| Drugs commonly involved in severe medication errors | CNS drugs, anticoagulants, and chemotherapy drugs |
| What does SALAD stand for? | Sound-alike, look-alike drugs |
| What does LASA stand for? | Look-alike, sound-alike drugs |
| TALLman lettering is used for what? | To stop medication errors |
| 1/2 (50%) of medication errors happen in what stage? | Prescribing stage |
| Stages of the medication process | - Procuring - Prescribing - Transcribing - Dispensing - Administering - Monitoring |
| Near miss | Did not reach patient, results in no harm |
| No harm event | Reaches patient, results in no harm |
| Medication error | Causes harm |
| Critical incident | Results in serious harm |
| Medication errors are prevented through these strategies: | Multiple system checks, legible prescription orders, authoritative resources |
| Time-Critical scheduled medications | To be administered at exact time when necessary, otherwise within 30 minutes before or after scheduled time. |
| Non-Critical scheduled medications | Administer within 2 hours before or after scheduled time. |
| What is Medication Reconciliation? | The continuous assessment and updating of patient medication information. |
| VCR stands for? | Verification, Clarification, Reconciliation. These are the three steps of Medication Reconciliation |
| When should medications be reconciled? | Entry into the facility, transfer into the facility, into or out of the ICU, and at discharge |
| How do we prevent medication errors? | Assessments, two patient identifiers (name, DOB), not administering medication you did not prepare, repeat order to prescriber, spell drug name loudly, avoid abbreviations, never use trailing zeros (use 1 mg not 1.0 mg), always use leading zeros (0.25 mg |
Created by:
mikedessailly94