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HDF Ch. 3
Gender Identities and Families
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| The APA defines gender as | "attitudes, feelings, and behaviors that a given culture associates with a person's biological sex" |
| Gender Identity | the degree to which people see themselves as feminine, masculine, some other gender, or no gender |
| Cisgender | their gender identity aligns with the sex they were assigned at birth |
| Sex is a | social construction and is assigned at birth by, for the most, part, medical professional examination of a baby's external genitalia |
| Sexual orientation/ identity | gender of the individuals to whom one is sexually attracted |
| Gender expectations | to describe a societal attitudes and behaviors expected of and associated with an individual's sex assigned at birth |
| 2% of live births are | intersex |
| In 2013, Germany became the first European country to offer a | third gender option on passports and birth certificates |
| Instrumental Character traits | strength, confidence, self-reliance, assertiveness, and ambition-that enable them to accomplish difficult tasks or goals |
| Expressive character traits | warmth, sensitivity, ability to express tender feelings and placing concern about others' welfare above self-interest |
| Masculinities | refers to the idea that there are varied ways to demonstrate masculinity |
| 3 major culturally defined obligations for men involve | 1. group leadership 2. protecting group territory 3. providing resources |
| Femininities | ways of being feminine-offer emotional support, be physically attractive, not too competitive, good listener, adaptable, and a man's always supporting helpmate |
| Mainstream culture values | masculinity more highly than feminine |
| Bifurcated Consciousness | a divided perception where they are aware of and troubled by 2 conflicting messages |
| Dramaturgy | part of the interactionist-constructionist perspective, sees individuals as enacting culturally fashioned scripts and socially prescribed roles in front of others |
| Gender Bending | individuals retain a conventional gender identity but ignore or alter the rules just a bit |
| Analysts have found evidence of gender differences in | 1. motor performance 2. sexuality (masturbation, porn, acceptance of casual sex) 3. physical aggressiveness (men more violent) 4. use of language 5. emotional intelligence (girls scoring higher) |
| Disidentification hypothesis | theory argues that the small boy must disidentify from his mother and counter-identify with his father to develop a normal sense of masculinity -expression of Mama's boy became a negative term |
| Socialization | the process which society influences members to internalize attitudes and expectations |
| girls play in _______ relationships or in small groups of 2 and 3; their play is cooperative, turn taking, little competition and rules | one-to-one |
| boys play in ____ ____ more fighting and attempts to affect a hierarchical pecking order | large groups |
| Social learning theory | within the interaction-constructionist perspective, children learn gender roles from grown ups and the media. -initiate models of behavior and rewarded by parents for whatever they perceived as gender appropriate |
| In this _______ ______ , the vast majority of children categorize themselves as male or female by age 3 | self-identification theory |
| Gender schema theory | children develop a framework of knowledge about what girls and boys typically do -organize how they interpret new info. and think about gender |
| Gender Binary | refers to the system where gender is assumed to be a woman or a man only -influenced by perceptions of biology and nature |
| Gender variance | an umbrella term referring to gender identity, attitude or behavior that falls outside of gender norms |
| Borderwork | the process, or work, of monitoring and maintaining the conceptualized border between appropriately masculine boys/men and acceptably feminine girls/women -most common punishment: laughter, homophobic name-calling and social exclusion |
| Studies found that math male and language female stereotypes can | influence behaviors without the teachers awareness of the impact |
| Increase in teacher's views on gender roles led to a | decrease in the motivation of boys to read |
| Women live an average of | 5 years longer than do men |
| women more likely than men to be among the | working poor |
| Social institutions in virtually every society have been characterized by | patriarchy and masculine dominance |
| The institution of religion evidence | male dominance |
| The ____ ____ of feminism in the U.S began with an 1848 convention on women's rights at Seneca Falls, NY and came to end when voting rights was achieved in 1920 | first wave |
| Betty Friedan's book The feminine Mystique (1963) captured the dissatisfaction and set off the beginning of ___ ___ feminism, which lasted until the mid-1980s -Founding of the National Organization for Women (NOW) | second wave |
| _____ _____ of feminism began in 1990s, marked by Anita Hill in front of congress at the confirmation hearing of Supreme Court Justice Clarence Thomas in 1991 -harassed her, encouraged working women to demand more rights | third wave |
| Benevolent sexism | positive attitudes toward women in traditional, nurturing roles |
| Hostile Sexism | negative attitudes toward women, when it comes to moving into traditional male roles |
| Public sphere | breadwinning and politics as most important to masculinity |
| Private sphere | family roles, caregiving remains definitive of femininity |
| Gender structure include | social institutions such as the family, religion, politics and government, education and the economy |
| Gender must be looked at through an | intersectional lens |
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