Help
Options
Didn't know it?
click below
click below
Knew it?
click below
click below
Don't Know
Remaining cards (0)
Know
retry
shuffle
restart
0:00
Embed Code - If you would like this activity on your web page, copy the script below and paste it into your web page.
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Unit 0 AP Psychology
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Confirmation Bias | The tendency to remember and believe information that matches your existing beliefs while ignoring any evidence that opposes them |
| Hindsight Bias | After something happens, believing that you knew it all along |
| Overconfidence | people overestimate the accuracy of their beliefs and judgements |
| Case study | In-depth investigation of a single person, family, event to understand. |
| Correlation | The degree of a relationship between two variables |
| Meta-analysis | A study that merges many different studies into one |
| Naturalistic Observation | Observing behavior in subjects or participants without any interference and documenting any important information down |
| Hypothesis | A testable proposition |
| Replication | Repeating a study with different participants |
| Confounding variables | A variable other than the IV that might have an effect on the outcome of the experiment |
| Population | The entire group of people you want to study and generalize about |
| Convenience sampling | Subjects are chosen because of easy access |
| Experimental Group | The group exposed to the manipulation of the IV |
| Single blind | Where the participants don't know if they are receiving treatment or experiencing placebo |
| Social Desirability Bias | The tendency for people to present themselves in a way that will be viewed favorably by others |
| Falsifiable | The logical possibility that an assertion, hypothesis or theory can be proven false by an observation or experiment |
| Independent Variables | The variable manipulated |
| Participants | The people that are being studied or experimented on |
| Representative sample | Assigning participants to experimental and control groups randomly minimizing any preexisting difference between the group |
| Sampling bias | when a data sample is collected in a way that makes some members of a target population more or less likely to be chosen than others, resulting in a sample that is not fully representative |
| control group | The group that are not exposed to the IV |
| double blind | Both experimenters interaction with the participants and the participants don't know the particular experimental conditions |
| Quantitative measurement intruments | Tools that collect numerical data suitable for statistical analysis. Studies like Likert scales and surveys |
| Operational Definitions | A description of the procedures |
| Dependent variables | The variable that depends on the IV to have any change |
| Sample | A smaller group of participants chosen from the larger population to take part in the study. |
| Random Sampling | A method of selection where every member of the population has an equal chance of being chosen. |
| Generalizability | The extent to which the results of a study can be applied to the larger target general population in real life situations |
| Experimenter bias | any systematic errors in the research process or the interpretation of its results that are attributable to a researcher’s behavior, preconceived beliefs, expediencies, or desires about results. |
| structured interviews | A research method where all participants are asked the exact same questions |
| qualitative measurement instruments | Tools that collect non-numerical descriptive data that aim to understand behavior, feelings and thoughts |
| likert scales | Putting quantitative data onto a scale such as describing your happiness on a scale of 1 to 10 |
| Appropriate representation of participants | choosing a study group that accurately mirrors the key demographics and characteristics of the larger target population |
| Peer review | the evaluation of scientific or acedemic work |
| Variables | characteristics or factors that a researcher measures or observes |
| Directional problem | The inability to determine which of the two correlated variables are causing the changes in the other. |
| Third variable | The idea that there is a third variable affecting the outcome |
| Wording effects | a change in how people respond to a question, test item, or survey based on the specific words, tone, or positive/negative framing used |
| self-report bias | a type of error that happens when people give inaccurate information about themselves on surveys, questionnaires, or interviews |
| institutional review | A group in schools or research facility that reviews studies before they are done to identify any ethical standard violations |
| protection from harm | A study does not involve anything that is painful, unpleasant or unhealthy |
| research confederates | Research staff acting as participants |
| confidentiality | a person’s voluntary agreement to participate in a procedure on the basis of their understanding of its nature, its potential benefits and possible risks, and available alternatives. |
| debriefing | Keeping any identifying information about participants private |
| informed consent | the process of giving participants in a completed research project a fuller explanation of the study in which they participated than was possible before or during the research. |
| Informed assent | Consent but for minors |
| deception | You cannot lie to participants about a study UNLESS necessary for the research |
| central tendency | Statistical summary values that identify the center or typical point of a data set |
| mean | Average |
| median | middle number |
| mode | most occurring number |
| range | Biggest number subtracted by the smallest number |
| Normal curve | The standard deviation curve/bell curve |
| skewness in a graph | Measures the asymmetry of a data distribution |
| bimodal distribution | a data set or frequency graph with two distinct peaks or modes, showing that two different values or response groups appear most frequently |
| percentile rank | the percentage of scores in a specified distribution or norm group that fall at or below a given individual's score |
| regression towards the mean | a statistical concept where an extreme measurement on a first test tends to be closer to the average when measured a second time |
| variation | the differences or diversity in traits, behaviors, or data scores among individuals or groups |
| standard deviation | How far apart the number are |
| quantitative inferential data | uses information from a small group (sample) to make guesses or draw conclusions about a larger group (population) |
| qualititave inferential data | a combination of non-numerical descriptive information and the process of drawing broader population conclusions from sample observations |
| correlation coefficent | a statistical number between -1.0 and +1.0 that shows the strength and direction of the relationship between two variables |
| effect sizes | any of various measures of the magnitude or meaningfulness of a relationship between two variables. |
| statistical significance | the degree to which a research outcome cannot reasonably be attributed to the operation of chance or random factors. |
| psychodynamic apporach | the approach stating that behavior and personality are driven primarily by unconscious forces, internal conflicts, and early childhood experience |
| socio-cultural approach | a perspective that examines how human behavior, thinking, and development are shaped by social interactions, societal norms, and cultural contexts |
| Evolutionary approach | explains human behavior, emotions, and cognitive processes as adaptations shaped by natural selection to help our ancestors survive and reproduce |
| Behavioral approach | observable human and animal actions rather than internal mental states |
| Congnitive approach | an approach that focuses on how internal mental processes—such as thinking, memory, perception, and attention—directly shape behavior |
| Biological approach | views human behavior and mental processes as the direct result of physical, genetic, and physiological processes in the body |
| positive correlation | A positive correlation between two things means that the presence of one thing predicts the presence of the other. |
| negative correlation | A negative correlation means that the presence of one thing predicts the absence of the other |
Created by:
user-2059909