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Reproduction
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Seasonally polyestrous | Small ruminants have multiple estrous cycles during breeding season |
| Sheep and goats cycle length | 17 days for sheep, 21 days for goats |
| Sheep and goats gestation period length | 147 days for sheep, 150 days for goats |
| Short-day breeders | Decreasing day length stimulates reproductive activity |
| Natural breeding | Mating occurs directly between between ram/buck and ewe/doe |
| Artificial insemination (AI) | Semen from ram/buck is collected and inserted directly into ewe/doe reproductive tract |
| How are most small ruminants bred? | Natural breeding |
| Challenges wit AI in small ruminants | Female estrus is difficult to detect, complex cervix, frozen semen has lower fertility |
| How can AI be made easier? | Laparoscopic AI, requires a vet personal, sedation, and restraints that puts semen directly into the uterus. 60-80% success rate |
| What affects reproductive performance in rams/bucks? | Age and experience, BCS of 3.5-4, BSE, environmental health, male to female ratio |
| Age and experience suggestions of ram/buck | Around 4 |
| Breeding Soundness Exam | BSE, should be done 4-8 weeks before breeding, consists of physical and reproductive exam and semen evaluation |
| Physical exam | Part of BSE, checks general health, BCS, hooves, etc. |
| Reproductive exam | Part of BSE, consists of palpation of scrotum and testes, scrotal circumference exam, check penis and prepuce |
| Scrotal circumference exam | Checking size of scrotal circumference, minimum of 35 cm |
| Semen evaluation | Part of BSE, done by veterinarian, checks motility (% moving forward), morphology(anatomy), volume, and concentration of sperm |
| Brucella ovis | Ram epididymitis, a bacterial disease that makes it hard for rams to transport sperm. Not zoonotic but is an STD |
| Epididymitis | Inflammation of structure that runs along inside of testicles (tail), supposed to store and transport sperm |
| Consequences of Brucella ovis | More open ewes during pregnancy checks, lower lamb crop |
| Flushing | Provide short-term nutritional boost to ewes/does prior to breeding to increase ovulation and lambing rates |
| Crutching | Removal of wool from udder, belly, and volva area prior to lambing to improve cleanliness and make nursing easier |
| When should pregnancy checks be done? | 45-90 days |
| Reasons for doing pregnancy checks | Identify open ewes/does, determine number of fetuses to adjust nutrition, plan for lambing, group females by expected due dates |
| How are pregnancy checks done? | Ultrasound, typically abdominal |
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