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BIOS 2200 Exam 1
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is an interdisciplinary scientific field that studies the diversity of life on earth and works to protect and restore biodiversity? Often crisis discipline responding before receiving all of the facts. | conservation biology |
| What are the 3 goals of conservation biology? | investigate and describe the biodiversity on earth, understand human activities on biodiversity, develop methods to protect and restore biodiversity. |
| How and when did conservation biology start? | Scientists noticed biodiversity crisis in the 1970's. First international conference held 1978 by Michael Soule. Michael started society of conservation biology in 1985. |
| what is environmentalism? | a social movement |
| what make conservation biology different than environmentalism? | it is based on science |
| what is a societal movement with efforts to live in harmony and protect the global environment? It does not use practical, interdisciplinary methods based in science. | environmentalism |
| What do you call the cognitive shift in awareness experienced by astronauts when they viewed the earth from space? described as profound feelings of awe, sense of interconnectedness and diminished perception of political boundaries. | Overview effect |
| What do you call the number of species in an area? | biodiversity |
| What is the term used to describe understanding the function of a species in an ecosystem and save species based on function. | functional diversity |
| What was the result of the rocky coast study? | 3 species of barnacle were providing one function in the environment. this is known as functional diversity. It is not just about how many species, it is also about what they do. |
| what are the three levels of biodiversity? | species diversity genetic diversity ecosystem diversity |
| which of the three levels of biodiversity includes all species on earth including bacteria, fungi and more? | species diversity |
| which of the three levels of biodiversity includes genetic variation within a species, whether they live apart or within the same ecosystem? | genetic diversity |
| which of the three levels of biodiversity includes different biological communities including both living and non-living things in an area? | ecosystem diversity |
| Which organism makes up most of the biodiversity on our planet ? | insects |
| which organism has 1.7 million species? | insects |
| What are the 3 biodiversity hotspots where more than 1/5 of the earth species are found? | tropical coral reefs tropical rain forests islands |
| what is the general location where the 3 biodiversity hotspots are found? | in tropical areas near the equator |
| What might be called a 4th biodiversity hot spot? | soil because it is filled with tiny animals, fungi, bacteria and more |
| Name 5 reasons why biodiversity might be important to me and all people? | human value and survival symbolic value religious value cultural value psychological value (bonus: life is interconnected) |
| What is a called when biodiversity is important just because it exists but does not have to benefit people? | intrinsic value, |
| What are the 4 things scientists look at when studying biodiversity? | composition - how many types of species are in an area abundance - the count of each individual species present distribution - how spread out the individuals are extinction risk - how many species threatened or endangered |
| What is the term used to desribe how many types of species are in an area? | composition |
| what is the term used to decribe how many individuals within a species are present? | abundance |
| what is the term used to describe how spread out the individuals of a species are? | distribution |
| What is the term used to describe the amount of species in an area that have been identified as threatened or endanged? | extinction risk |
| what do you call liter ature that was reviewed by other scientists and other experts in the field? | peer reviewed |
| what do you call a scientific paper that was written by or authorized by the original researcher ? | primary liturature |
| what do you call a scientific paper that reports the findings of others such as an article, or textbook? | secondary liturature |
| what do you call reports written by scientists from government fisheries and wildlife agencies, national and regional forest and park departments and conservation organizations? | gray liturature |
| are university and government agency websites good sources of information? | yes |
| are blogs and social media good places to obtain scientific information? | no |
| why are wikipedia and blogs not good sources of information? | they might be anecdotal information without comprehensive look at the science. may not be based on facts |
| what is the official published data that monitors vertebrate risk and assessment in wildlife populations called? | The LPI Living Planet Index |
| How often is the Living Planet Index published? | every 2 years |
| Who compiles the data for the Living Planet Index? | ZSL Zoological Society of London |
| Who publishes the LPI Living Planet Index in the Living Planet Report? | WWF The World Wildlife Fund |
| What percent of monitored wildlife populations declined in the last 50 years (1970-2024)? | 73% africa 76% latin america/caribbean 95% freshwater ares 85% |
| Are all species populations declining? | no, some are increasing |
| Where are the two places in the world with the most severe population declines and why is it worrisome? | amazon rain forest great barrier reef |
| Why is the severe population decline in the amazon rain forest and the great barrier reef so worrisome? | the collapse of those systems will have an effect on the wider earth system |
| what are the most frequently reported threat to species? | habitat loss and habitat degredation |
| what are less frequently reported reasons that are threats to species? | exploitation climate change (africa and latin america) pollution invasive species |
| what is an index of species moving towards extinction the fastest? | Red List Index |
| According to the Red List Index, what are the most threatened groups of species? | amphibians birds mammals |
| According to the red list index, what species are moving to extinction at the fastest rate? | reef forming corals |
| What are the 3 reasons why some species are more at risk of extinction? | 1. small geographic range 2. small population size 3. specialized habitat needs with narrow tolerances |
| How many mass extinction events have there been in the past? | 5 |
| What number would it be if we are in the next mass extinction event? | 6 |
| how old is the earth? | 4.6 billion years old |
| How long ago did the first life originate on the planet? | 3.8 billion years ago |
| What life form was the first to appear on earth 3.8 billion years ago? | single cell organisms |
| How long have modern humans, homo sapiens, been on planet earth? | 200,000 years |
| In general, why do humans threaten biodiversity? Think J-curve | population size has exploded over the past 200 years |
| In which year did we reach 8 billion people on our planet? | 2022 |
| How many years did it take us to go from 4 billion to 8 billion? | 50 years (1972-2022) |
| What are the 5 human causes of species loss? | habitat loss introduced species overexploitation/overharvesting pollution native species interactions |
| What is the biggest cause of species loss? | habitat loss |
| what is the biggest cause of terrestrial species loss? | habitat loss |
| What is the biggest cause of marine species loss? | overexploitation/overharvesting |
| As of 2022 how total described species are there? | 2.16 million described species |
| Which group has the highest percentage of described species? | insects (1.05 million species) |
| Mo mammals have a high number of species compared to plants, invertebrates such as nematodes or even red and green algae? | no, there are only 6,596 described species of mammals red algae: 7,568 green algae: 12,929 |
| What is the most commonly used number of the total number of species on the planet? | 10 million |
| what do you call the study of classification? | taxonomy |
| What is the list of classification of life from domain to species? | Domain Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species |
| What is a pneumonic for : Domain Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species | Dirty Kinky People Can Often Find Great Sex |
| What is the broadest category in taxonomy? | Domain |
| What are the 3 domains? | bacteria, archaea, eukarya |
| What is the most exclusive category in taxonomy? | species |
| which category of taxonomy includes organisms with more in common and are related? | species |
| What is the binomial nomenclature? | genus, species ex. homo sapiens means 2 names |
| What is a group/population of organisms that can interbreed and produce fertile offspring? | a species |
| Can you distinguish a species by how they look? | no. Fossils can't be distinguished by how they look because we don't know if they can interbreed and produce fertile offspring |
| what term is used to describe how eastern and western meadowlarks look the same but have developed different songs? | behavioral isolation they are different |
| The eastern and western meadowlarks have different songs and don't interbreed. Are they the same species? | no |
| Male and female wood ducks look different. Are they the same species? | yes |
| What is the taxonomic level just below species? | subspecies |
| What is the taxonomic name for populations that are geographically isolated so they don't have the opportunity to breed? They could breed if their ranges overlapped. | subspecies |
| Can dividing isolated populations of tigers help conservation? | yes otherwise there would only be 2 species of tigers. With the 9 subspecies of tigers it is easier for tigers to meet the criteria for endangered and in urgent need for intervention. |
| What are the 3 indices used for measuring biodiversity? | alpha diversity beta diversity gamma diversity |
| Which index for biodiversity represents the number of species in an area or species richness? | alpha diversity |
| Which index for biodiversity measures the number of unique species between 2 or more areas (species turnover)? | beta diversity |
| Which index for biodiversity represents the number of species over the entire (large) geographic region? | gamma diversity |
| what is species richness? | alpha diversity |
| What are the five factors that affect species richness of an island? | size of the island distance from the mainland altitude latitude precipitation |
| what does positively correlates mean? | increases with |
| what does negatively correlate with mean? | decreases with |
| Species richness decreases as latitude increases. What is latitude 0? | the equator |
| where is species richness greatest? | at the equator |
| if altitude/elevation is high, is species richness high or low? | low |
| if altitude/elevation is low, is species righness high or low? | high |
| What two things does the theory of island biogeography say effects species righness? | the size of the island and the distance of the island from the mainland. |
| what is the formula for beta diversity? | gamma divided by alpha |
| How do you calculate beta diversity? | looking at 2 or more areas, the number of unique species in each area are counted. The species that are found in both areas are not counted. |
| What is the unit of heredity passed on to offspring from parents? | chromosomes |
| How are chromosomes usually found? | in pairs (half from each parent) |
| How many chromosomes to humans have? | 46 |
| what do chromosomes have on them that code for traits found in animals? | genes |
| dna is packaged into what? | chromosomes |
| If a sea star has 44 chromosomes, how many did it receive from each parent? | 22 |
| What do you call pairs of chromosomes where each side has a similar size and shape and they carry similar information? | homologous chromosomes, homologous pairs |
| What do you call the regions on chromosomes that have information that code for traits/characteristics of an organism? | genes |
| What are the three main types of traits that genes code for? | physical behavioral physiological |
| What do you call genes for a trait where the organism carries different forms of the gene for the trait? | alleles |
| How many alleles does each gene have | 2 |
| How many alleles do most animals have for a gene? | 2 (one from each parent) |
| what is the term used to describe the alleles when both parents contribute the same allele? | homozygous |
| what is the term used to describe the alleles when both parents contribute different alleles? | heterozygous |
| which is more beneficial? Heterozygosity or homozygosity? | heterozygosity (increases genetic diversity and can increase the survival of the population due to the ability to change with a changing environment |
| which has high heterozygosity? large or small populations? | large |
| which has low heterozygosity? large or small populations? | small |
| What is the word used to describe the alleles that an individual carries for a gene? | genotype |
| What is the word used to describe the outcome of the genes (2 alleles)? | phenotype |
| What is the diagram used to look at crosses/matings of two individuals to see what their offspring might look like? | punnet square |
| If crest is c and no crest is C what is the shape of a bird head that carries Cc? | no crest, becuase C is dominant |
| If crest is c and no crest is C, what alleles must a bird have to express a recessive condition of having a crest? | cc = two alleles for a recessive trait |
| What do you call a change in alleles/allele numbers over time? | evolution |
| How could a petri dish of bacteria show evolution? | everytime a bacteria is made, mutations occur becase mistakes are made. earlier populations will look different than later populations |
| Lack of "blank" in a population makes it more susceptible to disease? | genetic variation |
| How does sexual reproduction create genetic variation? | genes from 2 unique individuals combine to create a new unique individual |
| Sexual reproduction increases what? | genetic diversity |
| What are 4 reasons for studying genetics in conservation? | understanding biodiversity classification understanding species ability to adapt and survive environmental changes management |
| Name 5 things that are evidence of evolution? | the fossil record biogeography - current ranges, previous ranges comparative anatomy and embryology (development) molecular biology/dna lab and field experiments |
| What do you call a mineralization of an organism or an impression of one? | fossil |
| what do you call the total number of fossils and their placement within rocks? | the fossil record |
| What are two conditions that make it more likely that something will fossilize? | getting buried in sediment after death if the animal has hard parts (slugs and jellyfish don't fossilize) |
| What are trace fossils? | things an organism left behind: footprints, tracks, dung, lightning strikes, burrows, nests |
| Name a well known fossil bed in the canadian rockies in British Columbia discovered in early 1900's by charles walcutt. 505 million years old with fossils that do not fit into modern groups and include soft bodied organisms ? | Burgess Shale |
| What do you call an animal that is alive today that looks very similar to the way they did millions of years ago. Examples include nautilus, horse shoe crab, coelocanth | a living fossil |
| Are there fossils in Ohio? | yes, best in Southwestern Ohio because it used to be under water. Caeser creek state park |
| What is the official Ohio state fossil? | trilobite/bracheopod |
| What do you call the change in genetics of a population over time? | evolution |
| Which evolve over time, populations or individuals? | populations |
| What do you call a group of individuals of the same species in the same location at the same time that interbreed? | a population |
| Name 4 agents of evolution? | random mutations genetic drift (also random, founder effect, bottleneck) migration (random) natural selection (nonrandom or directed) |
| What do you call a change in a DNA sequence? | mutation |
| What is the most common type of mutation where one base is changed? | point mutation |
| Name 3 things that can cause mutations to occur? | mistake in copying dna exposure to mutagen such as radiation or chemicals some infectious agents such as a virus |
| Are most mutations beneficial, harmful or silent? | silent (mutations that don't make a difference) |
| what can a beneficial mutation lead to? | evolution of a species |
| Name a beneficial mutation that affected three species of lizards that live in the desert? | white skin that helps them camouflage in the desert |
| what do you call a random change in allele frequency that can happen in small populations such as in zoos? | genetic drift |
| What is it called when a small group of individuals establish a new isolated population with greatly reduced genetic diversity? | founder effect |
| What are 2 special cases of genetic drift? | founder effect and bottleneck |
| name a case where the genetic drift of founder effect happened in the carribean? | 15 iguanas rode a mat from guadeloupe to anguilla after a hurricane in 1995 and founded a new population |
| What do you call a large population that suddenly becomes small? | bottleneck |
| What are some causes for bottleneck? | earthquake hurricane destruction of habitat |
| What does a bottleneck do to genetic diversity? | smaller populations have smaller genetic diversity |
| Why is small genetic diversity a problem? | decreased genetic variation may lead to a species not being able to adapt to environmental changes. It can also lead to increase in inbreeding which can lead to inbreeding depression. |
| What are some problems associated with genetic depression? | reproductive problems (lower fertility, birthrate, higher genetic disorders, infant mortality) poor immune function |
| How does migration (gene flow) affect genetic diversity? | migration reduces genetic differences between populations and increases genetic diversity |
| Name 2 processes that increase genetic diversity | mutation migration |
| Name 4 processes that reduce genetic diversity | genetic drift (in small populations) bottlenecks founder effect inbreeding |
| Who was responsible for proposing the theory of evolution via natural selection? | Charles Darwin and Alfred Russell Wallace |
| What do you call a large scale non-random (directed) process that can drive evolution? Also described as organisms better adapted to environment have better chance of survival. | natural selection |
| What are the 3 requirements needed for natural selection to result in evolution? | variation (within a population) heritability (the variable traits need to be able to be passed down) differential survival and reproduction (individuals with favorable traits are more likely to live longer and reproduce more |
| What do you call a trait that increases an organisms survival and reproduction relative to the environment? | adaptation |
| what is it called when individuals with better suited genetics are more likely to reproduce? | fitness |
| What is it called when environmental factors allow individuals with adaptations to be more fit? | selective pressures |
| Name 5 selective pressures? | predators lacks of food or water competition (for space or mates) temperature extremes weather |
| If natural selection can occur, what else can occur? | evolution |
| How did the Green Anole adapt through natural selection via selective pressures? | Green anoles evolved in response to an invasive species. Rapid evolution can occur with rapid changes in the environment. The green anoles moved up higher in the trees, developed sticky toes and larger toes. |
| what is it called when an original species rapidly adapts into multiple new forms? | adaptive radiation |
| what three phenomena can produce adaptive radiation? | mass extinctions colonization of new habitat available vacant niches/ecological release |
| What is it called when 2 or more species reciprocally effect each other's evolution? This is common between predator and prey | coevolution |
| what is this an example of? As newts evolve to make more toxin, garter snakes then evolve to become more immune to the toxin? Also happens with butterflies and birds. | coevolution |
| What do you call the large scale process by which organisms that have more adaptive traits are more lively to survive and reproduce? | natural selection |
| what kind of variation of individuals within a population can be passed on to offspring? | genetic variation |
| What do you call traits of individuals that make them more likely to survive relative to the environment? | adaptations |
| What is the term used to describe repoductive success? | fitness |
| Not all species can adapt when change happens quickly, what do you call the natural process that happens when a species cannot adapt? | extinction |
| What division of conservation is focused on evolution as a long term survival strategy? | conservation genetics |
| What do you call the study of the relationship of organisms to their environment and to other organisms? | ecology |
| what are 5 things ecology can help us understand? | 1. why species live in certain places 2. why they eat certain food 3. why interact with other organisms in a specific way 4. how human activities might harm populations 5. how we can preserve animals and their habitat |
| Fol following is a hierarchy of what? individual population community ecosystem biomes biosphere | hierarchy of biological systems |
| what do we call a group of interbreeding individuals of the same species in the same location at the same time? | a population |
| Are all of the animals of a species part of the same population? | no, most exist a numerous smaller populations, sub-populations or demes |
| what do we call a sub-population of a larger population? | deme |
| What do we call the field of science that studies how populations interact with each other and the environment? | population ecology |
| What do we call a group of 2 or more populations that can interact with one another (that come in contact with one another)? | metapopulation |
| Explain why the theory of metapopulation is important to our current world? | through urban development populations exist in isolation but the need an interconnected habitat to maintain health/fitness/adaptability |
| what happens to gene flow/migration if a population within a metapopulation is lost? | decreases gene flow and genetic diversity |
| What do we call a species habitat that includes all areas important to the lifecycle such as breeding/spawning, nesting , feeding, growth and maturation? | geographic range |
| Name an animal that has summer and winter geographic ranges that do not connect with one another? | birds |
| What is the geographic range for the tananger? | summers in southern U.S including Ohio, winters in central and south America |
| What is the geographic range for the white breasted nuthatch? | Ohio and other parts of US all year round |
| What is the term used to describe the spacing of individuals with respect to one another? | dispersion |
| Name 3 patterns of dispersion: | clumped uniform random |
| name the pattern of dispersion where individuals are concentrated in certain areas of the habitat, possible from patchy distribution of resources or for safety, or due to family structure? | clumped |
| Name the pattern of dispersion where individuals are more evenly spaced than one would expect by chance. | uniform |
| Name the pattern of dispersion where individuals are spaced in an unpredictable and random fashion unrelated to the presence of others. example dandelion dispersion | random |
| What are the two most common ways scientists sample populations to estimate the larger population size (N)? | quadrat sampling (best for plants) mark-recapture method (animals) |
| Name the best way to sample immobile, slow moving species such a plants, barnacles, mussels. | quadrat sampling |
| Name the best way to sample organisms that move around such as mammals, birds, fish ,reptiles. Can use radio tags, ear tags, colored bands or microchips? | mark-recapture method |
| What is calculated by the number of breeding individuals, sex ratio, differences in number of offspring? | effective population (Ne) size |
| if Ne (effective population size increase, what happens to genetic diversity? | it increases |
| How much is Ne (effective population size) verses the actual number? | varies between 1/2 to 1/10 of the actual number of adults counted |
| How do sex ratios effect Ne (effective population)? | effective population is greatest when sex ratios are equal |
| what is the term used to describe unlimited growth or J-shaped curve? | exponential growth |
| does exponential growth happen in nature? | no, because there is always something limiting its growth. It is happening in the human population |
| what type of growth has an s curve? It has period of exponential growth where the growth rate is overshot, followed by period of die back. | logistic growth |
| What abbreviation is used to describe the carrying capacity of resources that limits natural growth | K |
| What is the term used to describe the number of individuals living within a certain area? | population density |
| What are the two main factors that affect population growth and density? | density dependent factors (biotic) and density independent factors (abiotic) |
| Name 3 density dependent factors of population growth | competition (food, water, mates shelter) predation (higher densities may attract predators) disease (rate of spread increases at higher density) |
| Name 3 density independent factors of population growth | weather (rain, sun. temperature) natural disasters (fire, tornado, floods, earthquakes) pollution (plastics, air pollution, noise, light) |
| As a prey population increases, what happens to the predator population? | it increases |
| Do density dependent factors or density independent factors help control/maintain population growth and size? | dependent factors - maintain population size |
| What do we call a loss of any lineage from the earth? | extinction |
| is extinction a natural process? | yes |
| What are the 4 levels of extinction? | mass extinction extinct extinct in the wild locally extinct or extirpated |
| what is it called when a species or group are globally extinct and can be found no where in the world? There is no reasonable doubt that the last of a species has died | extinct |
| What is it called when individuals of a species or group are only alive in captivity? | extinct in the wild |
| what is it called when a species is no longer found in a specific area where it was once found? | locally extinct or extirpated |
| What species was extirpated from Ohio (1850) but is now increasing in numbers especially in Southeast Ohio? | Bobcats |
| Why are Bobcat number increasing? | we have allowed some of the forests to grow back |
| How long does it take to declare a species extinct? | it could take decades before officially declared extinct. Very hard to determine if a species is extinct |
| What percent of species need to be lost to be called a mass extinction event? | 70-75% lost withing a short geological time of 3 million years |
| How many mass extinction events have there been in the past? | 5 |
| Which mass extinction event had the highest rate of extinction? | Permian 96% of species lost |
| Which mass extinction even led to the loss of the dinosaurs? | cretaceous |
| Name 3 things that have led to mass extinction events | global cooling/raise in sea level volcanic activity, toxic gasses that acidify ocean, global warming asteroid impact with volcanic activity and falling sea levels |
| What do we call the average rate of extinction observed over the history of all life and was estimated using the fossil record? | background extinction rate |
| How much larger is the current extinction rate compared to the background extinction rate? | 100-1000 times greater |
| What is the cause of the increase in extinction rate and where is the extinction happening? | humans, global extinctions happening everywhere |
| what are scientists suggesting we call the current geologic era and why? | Anthropocene, becuase we are possible in a 6th mass extinction event which is caused by antro which means human |
| Name 5 ways humans are causing species declines | 1. invasive species 2. climate change 3. pollution 4. habitat loss 5. direct exploitation |
| Name 3 characteristics that make a species more likely to go extinct | 1. restricted geographic range 2. small population size, decreased genetic diversity , disease, inbreeding 3. specialized habitat needs, narrow tolerances |
| What do we call a species found in one geographic area and nowhere else? | endemic species |
| Does a small geographic range put a species at greater risk for extinction? | yes, greater risk of limited range |
| Does a small population size put a species at greater risk of extinction? | yes, decreased genetic diversity, inbreeding, disease |
| Does the need of specialized habitat put a species at greater risk for extinction? | yes |
| List how Kirtland's warbler has all 3 characteristics that put it at risk for extinction? | restricted geographic range, small population size, specialized habitat (specific tree) |
| Which group of vertebrates are at greatest risk for extinction? | amphibians |
| Why are amphibians good ecological indicators? (canary in the coal mine) | sensitive to environmental changes permeable moist skin used for respiration have both fresh water and terrestrial parts of lifecycle eggs lack protective membrane |
| What is the name of the disease responsible for killing many amphibians? | chytrid fungus (invasive species) |
| Name 5 ways humans can make a difference in protecting species | conservation repopulation breeding programs habitat protection habitat wardens |
| What is the biggest threat to hawksbill sea turtles and great green macaws? | poaching hawksbill sea turtles is human egg poaching great green macaw is illegal poaching and trading |
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Merrill15888