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GT Vocab Sep 16th
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| DEISM def | DEF: An Enlightenment intellectual tradition holding that God created the universe but allows it to operate through natural laws, without ongoing divine intervention. Deists rejected revealed religion and miracles in favor of reason and observation. |
| DEISM sig | SIG: Deism challenged traditional religious authority by making scientific inquiry into natural laws spiritually appropriate rather than heretical. Jefferson and Franklin, were Deists: directly shaping the secular of U.S. separation of church and state. |
| Thomas Hobbes: def | Def: a 17th century Enlightenment philosopher who was the first to describe social contract theory in which he argued that humans are violent by nature and must surrender some freedom to a powerful absolute monarch in exchange for security/order |
| Thomas Hobbes: sig | Sig: his social contract ideas influenced Locke but in contrast with Locke, Hobbes favored absolute power to stop chaos whereas Locke believed natural rights must be protected and the government can be overthrown if it fails to do so. |
| JOHN LOCKE (1632–1704) def | DEF: English man who argued against absolutism and for popular sovereignty, gov derives from the consent of govern. Social contract in which people give limited freedoms to the gov for natural rights (life, liberty, property) said people can overthrow gov |
| JOHN LOCKE (1632–1704) sig | SIG: Locke is the intellectual foundation of popular sovereignty across the entire Atlantic revolutionary era. His social contract theory directly shaped the American Declaration of Independence, the French DOROM, and Bolivar's Letter from Jamaica. |
| Jean-Jacques Rousseau: def | Def: wrote the 1762 political treatise, The Social Contract, which emphasized popular sovereignty and consent of the governed, added a twist with the idea of general will, which stated that laws should reflect the shared interest and not js a ruler |
| Jean-Jacques Rousseau: sig | Sig: Rousseau’s idea of the general will was one cause among many used by future revolutionaries but it went further to justify radical action against the monarch and government and govt, as in the French Revolution |
| Baron de Montesquieu: def | Def: a key thinker of the Enlightenment who challenged European absolute rulers in his 1748 book, The Spirit of the Laws, in which he advocated for checks and balances in government. |
| Baron de Montesquieu: sig | Sig: with his idea, he influenced the separation of powers that became the blueprint for the U.S. Constitution and other modern constitutional governments |
| VOLTAIRE (1694–1778) def | DEF: French Enlightenment philosopher who used wit, satire, and fiction to attack religious intolerance, political tyranny, and corruption (Catholic Church). Freedom of speech, deism, and the individual's right w/o interference from state/ church. |
| VOLTAIRE (1694–1778) sig | SIG: Made radical ideas entertaining/accessible, spreading skepticism of authority beyond academic. His critique of the Church created the climate for the secularism (French Revolution), and his defense of free expression shaped U.S. Bill of Rights. |
| SOCIAL CONTRACT def | DEF: Enl political theory holding that individuals consent to surrender some freedoms to a government in exchange for remaining natural rights. Hobbes; strong central authority; Locke: revolution against tyranny; Rousseau for general will of the people. |
| SOCIAL CONTRACT sig | SIG: Theoretical foundation for overthrowing governments that violated their end of the bargain. The range of conclusions different thinkers drew from the same premise explains why different revolutionary movements, produced different political outcomes. |
| Popular sovereignty def | Def: the idea that people hold the ultimate authority in a nation, not a monarch or the government, and if the latter abuses its power or fails to protect human rights, citizens have the right to overthrow or change it |
| Popular sovereignty sig | Sig: influenced the AmRev through the idea of “we the people” in the creation of the new gov of the US as well as the other AtlRevs by inspiring the idea of nationalism in which people saw themselves as the citizens rather than subjects of a monarch |
| Consent of the governed: def | Def: a government’s legitimacy comes from the approval and agreement of the people it rules; power flows upward from people to government and not downward from monarch/government to the people |
| Consent of the governed: sig | Sig: central to the ideas of Enl thinkers such as Locke and Rousseau as well as inspiration for the AtlRev and a major turning point in shifting power away from traditional absolute monarchies to modern nation-states and constitutional governments. |
| General will: def | Def: the idea by Jean-Jacques Rousseau that citizens must put aside their personal wishes to support laws and rules that benefit everyone in a community |
| General will: sig | Sig: it inspired the radical aspects of the French Revolution and late communist revolutions, put an end to the notion of divine right of kings in Europe, and initiated modern nationalism that said people belonged to a nation of equal citizens |
| CAPITALISM def | DEF: Economic system in which production is privately operated for profit, w/ prices decided by market comp (than government). Adam Smith, whose Wealth of Nations (1776) for laissez-faire free markets/free trade: efficient path to collective prosperity. |
| CAPITALISM sig | SIG: Replaced mercantilism as economic idea of the industrializing world. Individual economic freedom drove the Industrial Revolution but created labor unions, socialism, and communism: growth for some, exploitation for others had ideological opposition. |
| LIBERALISM def | DEF: A 19thcent idea says that ppl have inherent rights: liberty/equality, and that the gov's purpose is to protect rights not dynastic/religious authority. Liked constitutional gov, property rights, trade, and light reform in existing social structures. |
| LIBERALISM sig | SIG: Rising middle class got a framework that seperated them from the rich arist above and the radical working class below. Individual property rights instead of collective economic demands shows liberals liked political reform but not socialist programs. |
| AMERICAN REVOLUTION (1776–1783) def | DEF: First successful colonial revolution against imperialism bc of tax w/o rep and violation of natural rights. The resulting U.S. Constitution had separation of powers, BOR, checks and balances, and separation of church and state. |
| AMERICAN REVOLUTION (1776–1783) sig | SIG: The AmRev proved that an Enl-based revolution worked and colonies could break away empires: template for AtlRev that followed. Its limited social scope (slavery intact, women rights, property requirements) made it a starting point for later reform mo |
| ATLANTIC REVOLUTIONS def | DEF: A wave of political revolutions across the Atlantic world between 1775 and 1825 — Am, Fr, Hai, LatAm — people fought monarchy, rule, tax w/o rep, and the lack of civil liberties. Each rev was shaped by Enl and by direct awareness of the others. |
| ATLANTIC REVOLUTIONS sig | SIG: These Democratic revolutions were incomplete: women, enslaved, indigenous, and the propertyless were excluded. That exclusion made the Atlantic revolutions launching pads for abolition, suffrage, and feminism. |
| DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE (1776) def | DEF: Document adopted by the Second Continental Congress on July 4, 1776, said the independence of the thirteen. From Locke, it said that gov gets just powers from the consent of the govern and that when a gov breaks natural rights, ppl can overthrow. |
| DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE (1776) sig | SIG: Its universalist language: that rights belong to all people, expectations it did not fulfill, and movements used that gap as leverage. Bolivar cited it; Stanton rewrote it for women; later anti-colonial nationalists used against European empires. |
| DECLARATION OF THE RIGHTS OF MAN AND CITIZEN (1789) def | DEF: Issued by France's Nat Assembly in 1789, this doc said that rights are natural, universal, and inalienable, all men are free and equal before the law, that sovereignty resides in the nation, and that government exists to protect individual rights. |
| DECLARATION OF THE RIGHTS OF MAN AND CITIZEN (1789) sig | SIG: Spread Enl political ideals beyond France and inspired revs from Haiti to LatAm. It also starkly exposed the gendered limits of Enlightenment universalism — Olympe de Gouges wrote her Declaration of the Rights of Woman directly in response to it. |
| FRENCH REVOLUTION (1789–1799) def | DEF: Revolution where France's Third Estate (commoners) fought absolute monarchy/clergy + aristocracy, drove by Enl, taxation, and bread lack. The TE formed the National Assembly, abolishing feudalism, ending king, started Reign of Terror, Napoleon. |
| FRENCH REVOLUTION (1789–1799) sig | SIG: Radical AtlRev, most unstable. It spread nationalism across Europe thru Napoleon's conquests, started debates abt women's rights, and started template for revolutionary radicalization: liberation → radical violence → authoritarian consolidation. |
| HAITIAN REVOLUTION (1791–1804) def | DEF: Rev in the French colony of Saint-Domingue where slaves and free POC overthrew French rule. Led by Toussaint Louverture and Jean-Jacques Dessalines, only successful large-scale revolution by slaves. Haiti was first Black republic in 1804. |
| HAITIAN REVOLUTION (1791–1804) sig | SIG: Natural rights further than any other AtlRev to slaves, scared slaveholders, increasing brutality of slavery while inspiring resistance. French imposition of a independence debt shows how economic coercion can undo the gains of political rev. |
| HIDALGO-MORELOS REBELLION (1810–1815) def | DEF: Peasant insurrection in Mexico led b Miguel Hidalgo/José Morelos, driven by hunger for land redistribution/high food prices. Unlike other LatAm independence movements, came from indigenous/mestizo peasants rather than creole elite, end for castism. |
| HIDALGO-MORELOS REBELLION (1810–1815) sig | SIG: Radicalism scared creole so they joined Church. Brought Mexico to a somewhat independence in 1821, with structures largely unchanged: the central tension of LatAm independence: creoles wanted political freedom but no social revolution from below. |
| LATIN AMERICAN REVOLUTIONS (1808–1826) def | DEF: Independence movements across Spanish/Portuguese Am, led by creoles who resented Spain's mercantilist policies/political exclusion. Creoles started groups by appealing to 'Americano' identity: equality to indigenous/mestizo/free Black populations. |
| LATIN AMERICAN REVOLUTIONS (1808–1826) sig | SIG: Twice as long as the AmRev + less stable outcomes: geographic barriers, social divisions, creole fear of rebellion created conservative republics dominated by the same elites running colonies. Caudillo rule/economic dependency on Europe followed. |
| LETTER FROM JAMAICA (1815) def | DEF: Political essay written by Bolivar arguing for LatAm self-determination. Drawing on Enl ideals: equality, natural rights, democratics, Bolivar made the case that LatAms were capable of self-governance calling on other powers for support. |
| LETTER FROM JAMAICA (1815) sig | SIG: Bolivar is intellectual heir of Locke and Rousseau adapting their ideas to SpaAm — the diversity of its population, geographic fragmentation, and absence of civic institutions — illustrating how revolutionary ideology traveled and was localized. |
| REIGN OF TERROR / ROBESPIERRE def | DEF: French Revolution (1793–1794), where Committee of Public Safety under Maximilien Robespierre used mass executions to kill enemies. Approximately 17,000 people were officially executed and up to 40,000 died. Ended when Robespierre was guillotined. |
| REIGN OF TERROR / ROBESPIERRE sig | SIG: The process by which a rev launched in the name of liberty becomes an engine of political violence and authoritarian control. It directly explains Napoleon's appeal as a stabilizer and the conservative reaction that drove 19th-century Euro politics. |
| SAINT-DOMINGUE def | DEF: The French Caribbean colony (Haiti) most profitable colony in the world in18th century, producing 40–50% of the world's sugar and coffee thru labor of 500,000 enslaved Africans, who outnumbered the white population by roughly eight to one. |
| SAINT-DOMINGUE sig | SIG: Wealth/violence needed to extract it made it the center of the most radical Atl revolution. Its profitability explains why Britain attempted to seize it during the revolution and why France imposed a massive independence debt on Haiti afterward. |
| SIMON BOLIVAR (1783–1830) def | DEF: Creole military/political leader from Venezuela led independence movements across much of SouAm, winning independence for Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, and Bolivia. Deeply influenced by Enl ideals and the American and French Revolutions. |
| SIMON BOLIVAR (1783–1830) sig | SIG: His failure to create a unified LatAm republic reveals the limits of ideologically driven political leadership vs. reality — regional identities, geographic fragmentation, and the armed power of caudillos produced fragmentation instead of unity. |
Created by:
vasundhara.varadarajan