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Pscyh CH 2!!!!

TermDefinition
Empiricism The premise that knowledge should be acquired through observation and formal, systematic testing rather than reasoning, intuition, or common sense.
Empirical Method An approach relying on direct observation and measurement to collect data and evaluate claims.
Empirical Data Facts and information collected through direct observation or experimentation rather than theoretical speculation.
Empirical Investigation A structured, multi-step scientific inquiry designed to test a specific hypothesis using data collection techniques.
Descriptive Research Methods used to observe and describe behavior without manipulating variables. Useful when experimental manipulation is unethical or impractical, though they cannot demonstrate cause-and-effect.
Naturalistic Observation Observing subjects in their natural environment without direct intervention or manipulation. A major challenge is reactivity, where subjects alter behavior because they are being watched.
Case Studies An in-depth investigation of an individual subject, group, or event. Highly detailed, but findings are often subjective and difficult to generalize.
Surveys Questionnaires or structured interviews used to gather self-reported data about participants' attitudes, behaviors, or background across large groups.
Correlation A statistical measure indicating the degree to which two variables vary together. Correlation does not equal causation.
Positive Correlation Occurs when two variables move in the same direction—as one variable increases, the other increases (e.g., studying hours and test scores).
Negative Correlation Occurs when two variables move in opposite directions—as one variable increases, the other decreases (e.g., time spent playing video games and test performance).
Correlation Coefficient A numerical index ranging from -1.00 to +1.00 reflecting the strength and direction of a relationship.
Correlation Coefficient Strength A coefficient near +1.00 or -1.00 indicates a strong relationship, while a coefficient near 0.00 indicates no linear relationship.
Experimental Group The group of participants who receive the special treatment or independent variable manipulation.
Control Group The group of participants who do not receive the special treatment, serving as a baseline comparison for the experimental group.
Placebo Effect Occurs when participants' expectations or beliefs lead them to experience some change, even though they received an inactive treatment (a placebo).
Sample Size (N) The number of individual participants or observations included in a study. Larger sample sizes reduce sampling error and increase statistical reliability.
Random Assignment Every participant has an equal chance of being placed in any group or condition, balancing extraneous variables across conditions to prevent confoundings.
Non-Randomized Design Assigning participants to groups using non-random methods (e.g., convenience or pre-existing groups), introducing confounding variables and reducing internal validity.
Deception in Research Intentionally misleading participants about the true purpose or procedures of an experiment to prevent biased behavior.
Ethical Standards for Deception Must be justified by significant scientific value, present minimal risk, and require immediate debriefing after the study concludes to explain the true nature of the experiment.
Animal Research Conducted when human subjects cannot be ethically used, or to study basic psychological mechanisms across species.
Ethical Standards for Animal Research Researchers must minimize pain, discomfort, and stress, maintain proper living conditions, and justify the necessity of the research before an IACUC.
Created by: Cocoalover
 

 



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