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stats unit 1

TermDefinition
Quantitative Variable Takes numerical values where it makes sense to find an average.
Categorical Variable Places observations into groups or categories.
Dotplot Displays data using dots on a number line; shows every individual value in a data set.
Histogram A graph of quantitative data where bars touch; does not show individual values and excludes values on the right boundary.
Bar Graph Displays categorical data using separate bars for each category.
Pie Chart A circular graph divided into sectors illustrating proportion.
Misleading Graphs Graphs designed to deceive, often by using a y-axis that doesn't start at 0 or using images instead of bars (pictographs).
Boxplot Displays a 5-number summary; outliers are shown individually as dots or asterisks
Skewed Left Tail stretches to the left
Skewed Right Tail stretches to the right
Symmetric Balanced on both sides
Center The typical or middle value of a data set.
Variability A measure of how spread out the data points are.
Outliers Values that fall far away from the rest of the data.
Low Outlier Formula <Q1-1.5xIQR
High Outlier Formula >Q3+1.5xIQR
Mean The average
Median The middle value of a data set.
Interquartile Range (IQR) The spread of the middle 50% of data
Standard Deviation The typical distance of values from the mean
Population The entire group of individuals you want to collect information about.
Convenience Sample Selecting individuals who are easy to reach (leads to bias).
Voluntary Response Sample People self-select or choose to respond (leads to bias).
Random Sample Every individual has an equal chance of being selected; allows conclusions to be generalized to a larger population.
Sampling Variability The natural variation in results between different random samples drawn from the same population.
Undercoverage Occurs when some groups in the population cannot be chosen for the sample.
Nonresponse Occurs when an individual chosen for the sample cannot be reached or refuses to answer.
Response Bias A systematic pattern of inaccurate answers caused by question wording, interviewer influence, or lying.
Created by: Charlotte S.
 

 



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